Further evidence of the association between social media use, eating disorder pathology and appearance ideals and pressure: a cross-sectional study in Norwegian adolescents

Table 5 Mann–Whitney U test comparing Yes and No* responses to whether Instagram, Snapchat, TikTok or Pinterest has a negative influence on ED pathology, internalization of appearance ideals, media pressure and daily social media use in girls and boys

Means (SD)	Instagram				Snapchat				TikTok				Pinterest
Means (SD)	Yes (n = 633)	No* (n = 195)	p	Z	Yes (n = 198)	No*N = 630)	p	Z	Yes (n = 456)	No* (n = 372)	p	Z	Yes (n = 247)	No* (n = 581)	p	Z
Girls
EDE-QS¹	10.5 (7.7)	6.5 (6.8)	< 0.001	− 7.2	12.5 (8.3)	8.6 (7.3)	< .001	− 5.8	11.2 (7.9)	7.5 (6.9)	< 0.001	− 7.3	11.0 (7.7)	8.9 (7.6)	< 0.001	− 4.0
SATAQ-4R Thin/Low Body Fat²	3.4 (1.0)	2.9 (1.1)	0.001	− 6.1	3.6 (1.1)	3.2 (1.1)	< 0.001	− 4.9	3.5 (1.0)	3.0 (1.1)	< .001	− 6.1	3.6 (1.0)	3.2 (1.1)	< 0.001	− 4.2
SATAQ-4R Muscular²	2.5 (.7)	2.3 (.8)	< 0.001	− 3.2	2.6 (0.7)	2.4 (0.7)	.007	− 2.7	2.5 (0.7)	2.4 (0.7)	0.002	− 3.1	2.5 (0.7)	2.4 (0.7)	0.268	− 1.1
SATAQ-4R General attr.²	4.3 (0.6)	3.9 (0.7)	< 0.001	− 7.6	4.4 (0.6)	4.2 (0.6)	< 0.001	− 4.3	4.4 (0.6)	4.1 (0.7)	< 0.001	− 7.6	4.4 (0.5)	4.1 (0.6)	< 0.001	− 5.5
SATAQ-4R Pressures: Media²	3.7 (1.0)	2.5 (1.1)	< 0.001	− 12.6	4.0 (1.0)	3.2 (1.1)	< 0.001	− 7.8	3.8 (1.0)	3.0 (1.1)	< 0.001	− 10.8	3.8(1.0)	3.2 (1.2)	< 0.001	− 7.0
SM use (time)	5.8 (1.0)	5.5 (1.3)	.021	− 2.3	5.8 (1.1)	5.7 (1.1)	.449	− 7.6	5.9 (1.0)	5.5 (1.2)	< 0.001	− 4.3	5.8 (1.1)	5.7 (1.1)	.018	− 2.4

Means (SD)	Instagram				Snapchat				TikTok				Pinterest
Means (SD)	Yes (n = 179)	No* (n = 550)	P	Z	Yes (n = 79)	No* (n = 650)	p	Z	Yes (n = 91)	No* (n = 638)	p	Z	Yes (n = 10)	No* (n = 729)	p	Z
Boys
EDE-QS¹	5.4 (5.2)	3.0 (3.8)	< .001	− 7.1	6.4 (5.7)	3.3 (4.0)	< .001	− 5.9	5.7 (4.9)	3.3 (4.2)	< .001	− 6.0	6.9 (6.5)	3.6 (4.3)	0.025	− 2.2
SATAQ-4R Thin/Low Body Fat²	2.0 (1.0)	1.8 (0.9)	0.001	− 3.2	2.1 (1.1)	1.8 (0.9)	0.016	− 2.4	2.2 (1.1)	1.8 (0.9)	< .001	− 3.5	2.8 (1.2)	1.8 (0.9)	0.102	− 2.5
SATAQ-4R Muscular²	3.7 (0.8)	3.4 (1.0)	0.001	− 3.3	3.8 (0.9)	3.5 (1.0)	0.005	− 2.8	3.7 (0.7)	3.5 (1.0)	0.022	− 2.3	3.8 (0.6)	3.5 (1.0)	.374	− 0.9
SATAQ-4R General attr.²	3.7 (0.9)	3.2 (1.1)	< .001	− 5.8	3.9 (0.8)	3.3 (1.1)	< .001	− 4.8	3.9 (0.8)	3.3 (1.1)	< .001	− 5.2	3.8 (0.9)	3.3 (1.1)	.171	− 1.4
SATAQ-4R Pressures: Media²	3.0 (1.0)	1.8 (1.0)	< .001	− 12.7	3.2 (1.0)	2.0 (1.0)	< .001	− 9.1	3.3 (1.0)	2.0 (1.0)	< .001	− 10.1	3.6 (0.7)	2.1 (1.1)	< .001	− 4.0
SM use (time)	5.4 (1.1)	5.2 (1.3)	0.128	− 1.5	5.6 (1.1)	5.2 (1.3)	0.005	− 2.8	5.5 (1.1)	5.2 (1.3)	0.008	− 2.6	5.6 (1.8)	5.2 (1.2)	0.239	− 1.2

ED eating disorder, BMI body mass index, EDE-QS eating disorder examination questionnaire short, SATAQ-4R Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance-4-Revised. ¹ = EDE-QS mean scores and standard deviation (SD) are reported, ²⁼SATAQ-4R subscale mean scores and standard deviations are reported. Between group difference were analysed using Mann–Whitney U-tests for non-parametric data. ^* = A “No” response indicates a lack of affirmation that the SM platform has a negative influence on the participants perception of her/his appearance

ISSN: 2050-2974