Table 2 Multilevel modeling (MLM) results
Arguments | Antecedent variables: DE | |
|---|---|---|
Point estimate | SE | |
Between-person | ||
COVID-19-related social media → COVID-19-related-anxiety | .22*** | 0.08 |
COVID-19-related social media → COVID-19-related-stress | .28*** | 0.08 |
COVID-19-related social media → PD | .12 | 0.06 |
COVID-19-related social media → DE | .07 | 0.07 |
COVID-19-related-stress → PD | .66** | 0.15 |
COVID-19-related-anxiety → PD | .09 | 0.16 |
COVID-19-related-anxiety → DE | .42* | 0.17 |
PD → DE | .07 | 0.13 |
COVID-19-related-stress → DE | -.07 | 0.19 |
Path: COVID-19-related social media → COVID-19-related-anxiety → DE | .10* | 0.10 |
COVID-19-related-anxiety residual variance | .54*** | 0.09 |
COVID-19-related-stress residual variance | .61*** | 0.09 |
PD residual variance | .30*** | 0.05 |
DE residual variance | .31** | 0.06 |
Within-person | ||
COVID-19-related social media → COVID-19-related-anxiety | .19*** | 0.04 |
COVID-19-related social media → COVID-19-related-stress | .21*** | 0.04 |
COVID-19-related social media → PD | .12*** | 0.03 |
COVID-19-related social media → DE | .07 | 0.04 |
COVID-19-related-stress → PD | .49*** | 0.05 |
COVID-19-related-anxiety → PD | .15** | 0.05 |
COVID-19-related-anxiety → DE | .25*** | 0.07 |
PD → DE | .13** | 0.05 |
COVID-19-related-stress → DE | − .03 | 0.70 |
Path: COVID-19-related social media → COVID-19-related-anxiety → DE | .05** | 0.02 |
Path: COVID-19-related social media → PD → DE | .02* | 0.01 |
Path: COVID-19-related social media → COVID-19-related-stress → PD → DE | .01* | 0.01 |
Path: COVID-19-related social media → COVID-19-related-anxiety → PD → DE | .004* | 0.01 |
COVID-19-related-anxiety residual variance | .96*** | 0.05 |
COVID-19-related-stress residual variance | .91*** | 0.05 |
PD residual variance | .58*** | 0.06 |
DE residual variance | .87** | 0.05 |