Table 2 Included studies table
From: Psychotherapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review
# | Author, year | Country | Nparticipants | Nstudies | Population | Aim | Design | Outcome measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Aardoom et al., 2013 [19] | Worldwide | 21 | Mixed (mixed cohort, Both sexes) | To review the literature regarding internet-based treatment of EDs | Review (systematic) | ED psychopathology, frequency of binge eating and purging, improving (ED-related) quality of life | |
2 | Accurso et al., 2014 [20] | USA | 121 | Outpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To describe change in psychological outcomes for adolescents with AN, and to explore predictors of change | RCT | Severity of eating disorder pathology using the EDE V12.0; depressive symptoms using the BECK Depression Inventory (BDI) and body weight | |
3 | Accurso et al., 2015 [21] | USA | 80 | Community (Adult, Both sexes) | To examine the temporal relation between therapeutic alliance and outcome in two treatments for BN | RCT | Temporal relation between therapeutic alliance and outcome | |
4 | Agras et al., 2014 [22] | USA | 164 | Outpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To compare FBT with systemic family therapy for the treatment of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa | RCT | Percentage of ideal body weight and remission (≥ 95% of ideal body weight) | |
5 | Agras, Fitzsimmons-Craft and Wilfley, 2017 [23] | N/A | N/A | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To describe the evolution of CBT for the treatment of bulimic disorders | Review (Narrative) | Varied | |
6 | Aguera et al., 2013 [24] | Spain | 454 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To determine differences in treatment response and dropout rates following CBT across the three bulimic-spectrum syndromes | Repeated measures (without follow up) | Full remission defined as total absence of bingeing and purging behaviours and psychological improvement for at least 4 (consecutive) | |
7 | Aguera et al., 2017 [25] | Spain | 262 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To compare treatment outcomes and clinical predictors between men and women with EDs | Cross-sectional | Clinical predictors of treatment outcome—ED severity, personality and psychopathology | |
8 | Ahmadiankalati, Steins-Loeber and Paslakis, 2020 [26] | N/A | 12 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To identify and analyse the current evidence of RCTs to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of e-health interventions in the ED field | Review (other) | Acceptability, effectiveness of effect on eating behaviour | |
9 | Alfonsson, Parling and Ghaderi, 2015 [27] | Sweden | 96 | Inpatient (undefined) | To assess whether behavioural activation is an efficacious treatment for decreasing ED symptoms in patients with obesity and BED | RCT | Frequency of binge-eating; depressive symptoms and mood | |
10 | Anastasiadou et al., 2020 [28] | Spain | 106 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To assess the clinical efficacy of a combined mHealth intervention for EDs based on CBT | RCT | ED symptomatology, anxiety, depression and quality of life | |
11 | Anderson et al., 2020 [29] | USA | 112 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To examine predictors and moderators of two interventions for binge-eating disorder | RCT | Frequency of Objective Binge-eating Episode (OBE) and OBE-abstinence at end-of-treatment (EOT) and 6-month follow up | |
12 | Ariel and Perri, 2016 [30] | USA | 572 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To evaluate the effects of a behavioural intervention for obesity compared with a nutrition education group on binge eating | RCT | Binge-eating severity using the Binge Eating Scale and weight status, weight status at base line and 6 months and treatment adherence over 6 months | |
13 | Austin et al., 2022 [31] | UK | 502 | Outpatient (young people, both sexes) | To assess the scalability of First Episode Rapid Early Intervention for ED service model and care pathway | Quasi-experimental (intervention) | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation, Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA), The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale—21 items (DASS-21), Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), Levels of Expressed Emotion Scale (LEE), Psychological Outcome Profiles (PSYCHLOPS), Body mass index | |
14 | Bankoff et al., 2012 [32] | Worldwide | 13 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To conduct a literature review to locate referred articles testing dialectical behaviour therapy for the treatment of EDs | Review (systematic) | Treatment efficacy on ED behaviours and other forms of psychopathology | |
15 | Baudinet et al., 2021 [10] | Worldwide | 27 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To review the quantitative and qualitative evidence-base for multi-family therapy (MFT) for eating disorders regarding change in physical and psychological symptoms, broader individual and family factors, and the experience of treatment | Review (systematic scoping) | Global outcomes, weight, ED psychopathology, and mood | |
16 | Bauer et al., 2012 [33] | Germany | 165 | Inpatient (adult, females) | To examine the efficacy of a program delivered via the short message service (SMS) and text messaging in support patients after their discharge from inpatient treatment | RCT | Rate of partial remission, 8 months after discharge | |
17 | Beintner, Jacobi and Schmidt, 2014 [34] | Worldwide | 73 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To review and analyse participation and outcome in manualized self-help for BN and BED | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Varied | |
18 | Bentz et al. 2021 [35] | Denmark | 157 | Outpatient (young people, both sexes) | To evaluate outcomes of FBT for restrictive-type eating disorders, delivered as standard care in a public mental health service | Quasi-experimental (Intervention) | Remission, frequency of hospital admissions and day-patient treatment, frequency of other adaptations within 12 months from commencement of treatment | |
19 | Berking et al. 2022 [36] | Germany | 101 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To test whether systematically enhancing emotion regulation skills would reduce symptoms of BED | RCT | Binge-eating symptoms, emotion regulation skills | |
20 | Blanchet et al., 2018 [37] | Worldwide | 8 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To assess the evidence regarding the role of physical activity in BED and to better understand the mechanisms of action | Review (systematic) | Binge-eating episode frequency; changes in other associated comorbidities | |
21 | Boerhaut et al., 2016 [38] | The Netherlands | 40 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To evaluate the effect of a brief body and movement-oriented intervention on aggression regulation and ED pathology for individuals with ED’s | RCT | Aggression regulation and ED pathology | |
22 | Boerhaut et al., 2017 [39] | The Netherlands | 70 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To evaluate a body and movement-oriented intervention on aggression regulation, aimed towards reducing anger internalization in patients with an ED | RCT | Aggression regulation | |
23 | Bourion-Bedes et al., 2013 | France | 108 | Inpatient (young people, both sexes) | To determine whether patients’ perception of early therapeutic alliance could predict time to achieve a target weight | Repeated Measure (without follow-up) | Time to achieve a target weight | |
24 | Brauhardt, de Zwaan and Hilbert, 2014 [40] | Worldwide | 123? | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To investigate the evidence supporting the impact of therapeutic process aspects on outcomes | Review (systematic) | The impact of therapeutic process aspects on outcome (i.e., process-outcome research) | |
25 | Brewin et al., 2016 [41] | UK | 158 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To evaluate the effect of a newly developed motivational and psycho-educational guided self-help intervention for people with ED’s on engagement and retention in therapy | Repeated Measures (without Follow Up) | Rates of engagement and completion of therapy | |
26 | Brockmeyer et al., 2019 [42] | Germany | 56 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To examine if approach bias modification reduces approach-basis automatic action tendencies toward food and may decrease BE and related symptoms | RCT | Number of objective binge-eating episodes (OBEs) as assessed by the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and ED symptoms | |
27 | Brockmeyer, Friederich and Schmidt, 2018 [43] | Worldwide | 19 | Community (adolescent, both sexes) | To synthesise evidence on established and emerging anorexia nervosa treatments and to forecast future development trends | Review (systematic) | Outcomes of clinical trials on established AN treatment | |
28 | Brockmeyer et al., 2021 [44] | Germany | 167 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To evaluate potential treatment-enhancing effects of CRT on cognitive and clinical outcomes in a large sample of patients with AN in a randomized controlled trial with equal treatment dosage in the comparator condition | RCT | BMI, ED psychopathology, health-related quality of life, motivation to change, set-shifting, central coherence | |
29 | Brown, Mountford, and Waller, 2013 [45] | UK | 65 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To establish the strength of the therapeutic alliance (TA), to determine if early TA is associated with the completion of CBT and the direction of the relationship between TA and weight gain | Longitudinal (< 5 years) | Weight gain (BMI change), Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-SR), Eating Disorders Examination (EDE-Q) | |
30 | Brownley et al., 2016 [46] | Worldwide | 34 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To summarise evidence about the benefits and harms of psychological and pharmacologic therapies for adults with BED | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Abstinence from binge-eating, binge-eating frequency, eating-related psychotherapy symptoms of depression, body weight | |
31 | Butler and Heimberg, 2020 [47] | Worldwide | 60 | Inpatient and outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To review the literature on exposure interventions for EDs; exposure and response prevention, in vivo feared food exposure, mirror exposure, FBT with exposure, and virtual reality exposure therapy | Review (systematic) | Testing anxiety levels, calorie intake, BMI | |
32 | Buerger et al., 2021 [48] | Worldwide | 487 | 19 | Mixed (young people, both sexes) | To estimate the efficacy of third-wave interventions to reduce ED symptoms in adolescents in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and uncontrolled studies | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | ED psychopathology (EDE, EDEQ, Eating Disorder Inventory-2, Eating Disorder Inventory-3, Structured Interview for Anorexic and Bulimic Disorders for DSM-IV and ICD-10) |
33 | Byrne et al., 2011 [49] | Australia | 125 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To examine the effectiveness of Enhanced Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT-E) for EDs in an open trial for adults with the full range of EDs found in the community | Quasi-experimental (intervention) | Categorical measures of recovery, dimensional measures of change in the severity of ED features, compensatory behaviours, dietary restraint, eating, weight and shape concerns, measures of additional variables specified in the transdiagnostic model, and measures of other associated psychopathology | |
34 | Calugi et al. 2021 [50] | Italy | 214 | Inpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To compare the change in eating-disorder feature networks in patients with anorexia nervosa after treatment with intensive enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) | Quasi-experimental (intervention) | BMI, EDEQ | |
35 | Cardi et al., 2020 [51] | UK | 187 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To examine if adding a brief online intervention focused on enhancing motivation to change and the development of a recovery identity would improve outcomes in adults with AN | RCT | Body Mass Index, frequency of eating disorder symptoms, psychological wellbeing and work and special adjustment and anxiety | |
36 | Carrard et al., 2011 [52] | Switzerland | 127 | Community (adult, females) | To evaluate the use of an online guided self-treatment programme for BN and to determine predictors of outcome | Quasi-experimental (intervention) | Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2) and The Symptom Checklist-revised (SCL-90R) | |
37 | Carrard et al., 2011 [53] | Switzerland | 74 | Community (adult, females) | To evaluate the efficacy of an internet guided self-help treatment programme, based on CBT, for adults with threshold and subthreshold BED | RCT | Number of objective binge-eating episodes (OBEs) as assessed by the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE-Q) and ED symptoms score (EDI-2), perceived hunger, psychological health, depression, self-esteem and quality of life | |
38 | Catalan-Matamoros et al., 2011 [54] | Spain | 28 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To analyse the feasibility of Basic Body Awareness Therapy in people with EDs | RCT | Eating Disorder Inventory, Eating Attitude Test, Body Attitude Test and Quality of Life Scale (SF-36) | |
39 | Cesa et al., 2013 [55] | Italy | 90 | Outpatient/inpatient (adult, females) | To test the brief and long-term clinical efficacy of an enhanced CBT in morbidly obese patients with BE disorders compared with standard CBT | RCT | Weight loss, weight loss maintenance, BED remission, body-satisfaction improvement | |
40 | Chami et al., 2022 [56] | UK | 78 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To examine the feasibility, acceptability, and effect sizes of clinical outcomes of an intervention that combines inhibitory control training (ICT) and implementation intentions (if–then planning) to target binge eating and eating disorder psychopathology | RCT | ED psychopathology (EDE-Q), weight, self-regulation of eating, food valuation, food approach, depression and anxiety | |
41 | Chang, Delgadillo and Waller, 2021 [57] | Worldwide | 26 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine literature that states that early response is a well-established predictor of positive outcomes at the end of psychological treatments for common mental disorders | Systematic Review/Meta-Analysis (Combined) | The statistical significance and magnitude of the association between early response to ED treatment and outcomes | |
42 | Chen et al., 2017 [58] | USA | 109 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To improve the outcome of clients with weak initial response to guided self-help CBT | RCT | Frequency of and abstinence from ED behaviour and psychopathology using the EDE | |
43 | Ciao et al., 2015 [59] | USA | 80 | Outpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To examine predictors of psychological change among adolescents with BN comparing FBT to supportive psychotherapy | RCT | Abstinence from bingeing and purging; psychological outcomes (cognitive ED pathology (i.e., Shape/Weight Concerns, Eating Concerns, and Restraint), depression, and self-esteem | |
44 | Clyne et al., 2010 [60] | New Zealand | 23 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To examine the efficacy of a treatment for BED designed to increase recognition and regulation of negative emotion, replicating and extending a previous investigation | Repeated measures (with follow up) | Binge-abstinence rates, pre and post study treatment effects | |
45 | Compare and Tasca, 2016 [61] | Italy | 118 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To investigate the change and relationship between BE episodes and weight across focused group therapy and combined therapy of EFGT plus dietary counselling for BED | Longitudinal (< 5 years) | Binge-eating episodes and body weight | |
46 | Compare et al., 2013 [62] | Italy | 189 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To test the effect on psychopathology and QOL of Emotionally Focused Therapy, Dietary Counselling, and Combined Treatment in patients with BED and obesity | Longitudinal (< 5 years) | Health-related quality of life, using ORWELL-97; attitudes toward eating (Eating Inventory—EI), binge eating (Binge Eating Scale—BES) and body uneasiness (Body Uneasiness Test—BUT) was performed at baseline, end-of-treatment, and 6-month follow-up | |
47 | Coomber and King, 2012 [63] | Australia | 56 | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine predictors of both carer burden and carer psychological distress in ED carers | Cross-sectional | Eating Disorders Symptom Impact Scale (EDSIS), Carers’ Needs Assessment Measure (CaNAM), General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), Brief COPE, Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ6), Family Questionnaire (FQ) | |
48 | Coomber and King, 2013 [64] | Australia | 42 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To conduct a preliminary longitudinal examination of the predictors of carer burden and psychological distress for carers of those with an ED | Longitudinal (< 5 years) | Eating Disorders Symptom Impact Scale (EDSIS), Carers’ Needs Assessment Measure (CaNAM), General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), Brief COPE, Social Support Questionnaire-Short Form (SSQ6), Family Questionnaire (FQ) | |
49 | Costa and Melnik, 2016 [65] | Worldwide | N/A | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To compile findings of relevant scientific papers, such as randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, guidelines and narrative reviews of literature, in order to promote knowledge about effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in EDs along time, in addition to showing the need for further research in specific areas | Review (narrative) | Symptomatic remission; for AN- BMI; for BN-100% withdrawal from binge eating, bulimic symptoms; for BED/eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS)-remission of bulimic symptoms, weight BMI | |
50 | Courbasson, Nishikawa and Shapira, 2010 [66] | Canada | 38 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine treatment outcome for individuals with BED and those who often evidenced comorbid substance use disorders | Repeated measures (without follow up) | Measures of objective binge-eating episodes; disordered eating attitudes; alcohol and drug addiction severity; depression | |
51 | Couturier, Kimber and Szatmari, 2012 [67] | Worldwide | 6 | Outpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To review and evaluate the efficacy of FBT compared with individual treatment among adolescents with EDs | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Remission rate at end of treatment, 6 and 12 month follow up | |
52 | Craig et al., 2019 [68] | UK | 54 | Community (adolescent, both sexes) | To consider the effectiveness of CBT for EDs where family-based treatment was either not fully effective or not applicable | Case series | Eating attitudes and clinical impairment, and weight change | |
53 | Dakanalis et al., 2014 [69] | Italy | 679 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To evaluate and compare the original cognitive-behavioural model and the enhanced cognitive-behavioural model | Cross-sectional (correlational) | Diagnosis of ED | |
54 | Dalle Grave et al., 2015 [70] | Worldwide | 68 | Outpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To evaluate the effects of CBT on non-underweight adolescents with an ED | Review (systematic) | Body weight and BMI; Eating Disorder features using EDE-Q6.0; general psychiatric features from Global Severity Index (GSI) | |
55 | Daniel, Poulsen and Lunn, 2016 [71] | Denmark | 70 | Community (adult, females) | To perform secondary analyses on the relation between attachment and pre-treatment symptom levels | Repeated measure (with follow-up) | Attachment and pre-treatment symptom levels, pre-treatment attachment treatment outcome moderation, change in client attachment associated with symptomatic change, changes to client attachment | |
56 | Daniel, Lunn and Poulsen, 2015 [72] | Denmark | 70 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To perform analyses of the relation between attachment and pre-treatment symptom levels for BN with respect to outcome, symptoms and client attachment | RCT | Moderation/change in assessment at intake included Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), Adult Attachment Interview, Symptom Checklist 90-R | |
57 | de Jong, Schoorl and Hoek, 2018 [73] | Worldwide | 7 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To provide an update of CBT-E effectiveness studies on BN, BED and transdiagnostic samples | Review (systematic) | Post treatment remission rates | |
58 | de Zwaan et al., 2017 [74] | Germany | 178 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To evaluate the efficacy of internet-based guided self-help compared with traditional, individual face-to-face CBT | RCT | Difference in number of days with objective binge-eating episodes (OBEs) during the previous 28-days between baseline and treatment; OBEs at follow ups, ED and general psychopathologic findings, body mass index, and quality of life | |
59 | Diaz-Ferrer et al., 2015 [75] | Spain | 29 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To compare the efficacy of two body exposure techniques through psychological and neuroendocrine indices within and between successive sessions | RCT | Body satisfaction and changes in subjective discomfort | |
60 | Dolemeyer et al., 2013 [76] | Worldwide | 8 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To evaluate the efficacy of internet-based interventions for the treatment of different EDs in adults | Review (systematic) | Varied | |
61 | Dray and Wade, 2012 [77] | Worldwide | 9 | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine the utility of the transtheoretical model and the efficacy of motivational interviewing in predicting outcome of research in EDs | Review (critical) | Utility of the transtheoretical model in predicting outcome, and efficacy of motivational interviewing | |
62 | Egger et al., 2016 [78] | Germany | 156 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To determine the cost-effectiveness of outpatient focal psychodynamic psychotherapy, CBT-E, and optimized TAU in adult women with AN | RCT | Cost effectiveness | |
63 | Eisler et al., 2016 [79] | UK | 169 | Outpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To compare two outpatient ED focussed family interventions; multi-family therapy and single family therapy | RCT | Achieving good or intermediate outcome on the Morgan-Russell scales at the end of treatment | |
64 | Ertelt et al., 2011 [80] | N/A | 116? | Outpatient (adult, females) | To examine ratings of therapeutic alliance factors in telemedicine and face-to-face CBT | Review (narrative) | Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) completed by patients and therapists at weeks 2, 8, and 16 | |
65 | Fairburn et al., 2009 [18] | UK | 154 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To compare two cognitive-behavioural treatments for outpatients with EDs | RCT | ED features and mood intolerance, clinical perfectionism, low self-esteem, or interpersonal difficulties | |
66 | Fairburn et al., 2013 [81] | UK | 99 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To establish the immediate and longer-term outcome following CBT-E | Repeated Measure (with follow-up) | BMI, ED features and psychiatric features | |
67 | Fairburn et al., 2015 [82] | UK | 130 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To compare CBT with interpersonal psychotherapy | RCT | ED features and remission rate using the Eating Disorder Examination Interview (EDE and EDE-Q6.0) | |
68 | Fernandez-Aranda et al., 2015 [83] | Spain | 38 | N/A | To compare outcomes of outpatient CBT + serious video game (SVG), with outpatient CBT—SVG, and effect in reducing emotional expression and levels of anxiety than CBT—SVG | Control Trial | Drop-out, partial remission, and total remission | |
69 | Ferrer-Garcia and Gutierrez-Maldonado, 2012 [84] | N/A | N/A | Mixed (Mixed cohort, both sexes) | To review research of virtual reality in the study, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbances in EDs and nonclinical samples | Review (narrative) | N/A | |
70 | Ferrer-Garcia et al., 2019 [85] | N/A | 58 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To assess the 6-month follow up of virtual reality cue exposure therapy as a second-level treatment for BN patients and binge ED following CBT | Review (narrative) | Frequency of binge-eating episodes and purging using the ED Examination Interview 12.0D | |
71 | Ferrer-Garcia et al., 2017 [86] | Spain | 64 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To assess virtual reality cue exposure therapy as a second-level treatment for BN patients and binge eating disorder following CBT | RCT | Frequency of binge-eating episodes and purging using the ED Examination Interview 12.0D | |
72 | Fioravanti et al., 2014 [87] | Italy | 102 | Community (adult, females) | To evaluate whether the emotional eating profile of ED patients changes over time and the effects of psychotherapeutic intervention | Repeated Measure (without follow-up) | Emotional eating | |
73 | Fisher et al., 2019 [88] | Australia | 25 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To evaluate the efficacy of family therapy approaches compared with standard treatment and other treatments for AN | Review (other) | Remission post intervention, remission long-term follow up, and mortality at long-term follow up | |
74 | Fitzsimmons-Craft et al., 2020 [89] | USA | 690 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To determine whether a coached, digital, CBT intervention improves outcomes for college women with EDs compared with referral to usual care | RCT (cluster) | Changes in overall ED psychopathology, binge eating and compensatory behaviours, ED behaviour frequencies, depression, anxiety, clinical impairment, academic impairment and realised treatment access | |
75 | Fitzsimmons-Craft et al., 2023 [90] | USA | 90 | Mixed (adult, females) | To estimate the preliminary feasibility and effectiveness of a CBT-based mobile intervention plus treatment as usual (TAU), offered with and without an accompanying social networking feature | RCT | Feasibility, ED psychopathology, frequency of ED behaviours, anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation, clinical impairment, BMI, dietary restraint, weight/shape concern, AN Stages of Change Questionnaire, social support, duration of illness | |
76 | Fogarty, Ramjan and Hay, 2016 [91] | Worldwide | 4 | N/A | To explore the benefits, effects and experiences of mentoring on those with an ED or disordered eating | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Varied | |
77 | Folke, Daniel and Poulsen, Lunn 2016 [92] | Denmark | 70 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To investigate the relation between clients’ attachment patterns and the therapeutic alliance in two psychotherapies for BN | RCT | Client attachment patterns and therapeutic alliance | |
78 | Fox, Dean and Whittlesea, 2015 [93] | Worldwide | 20 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To establish the acceptability, feasibility and approximate size of the effect of adding a carer intervention to treatment as usual for adolescents with AN | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Impact upon family members, cognitive appraisals and caregiving experience | |
79 | Gan et al., 2021 [94] | Worldwide | 19 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To synthesize the best available evidence regarding the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions on body mass index (BMI), body dissatisfaction, depression and anxiety among individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | BMI, body dissatisfaction, depression, anxiety | |
80 | Gale, Gilbert and Goss, 2014 [95] | UK | 99 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To evaluate the principle that compassion focused therapy can be used with people with EDs and can improve symptomatology | Repeated measure (without follow-up) | Compassion focused therapy outcomes for people with EDs | |
81 | Gallagher et al., 2014 [96] | Canada | 102 | Outpatient (adults, females) | To conceptualise interpersonal learning as the convergence over time between an individual’s and the group’s perception of the individual’s cohesion to the group | Repeated measures (without follow up) | Cohesion questionnaire—individual version (CQ-1) score and Cohesion to the Group (CQ-G) rating, administered every fourth-group session | |
82 | Garrett et al., 2014 [97] | USA | 21 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To investigate brain activation and set-shifting and central coherence tasks in patients with AN | Repeated measure (with follow-up) | Central coherence and set shifting | |
83 | Godart et al., 2022 [98] | France | 60 | (Young people, females) | To present the results of a 54-month post-randomization follow-up of a previously reported randomized controlled trial that compared two post-hospitalization outpatient treatment programs: Treatment As Usual alone versus Systemic Family Therapy added to Treatment As Usual | RCT | Morgan and Russell global outcome categories, Global Outcome Assessment Schedule score, BMI, amenorrhea, number of hospitalisations, ED symptoms | |
84 | Gomez-Castillo et al., 2018 [99] | Spain | 348 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine the differences in ED symptoms in parents and their children as patients with AN, bulimia nervosa, unspecified ED and a control group | Case series | ED symptoms as measured on the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) | |
85 | Gorrell, Loeb and Le Grange, 2019 [100] | N/A | N/A | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To describe the role of family engagement within FBT of EDs and the interventions | Review (narrative) | Not defined | |
86 | Graham and Walton, 2011 [101] | UK | 40 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To offer CD-Rom CBT self-help treatment, in a locality-based outpatient NHS ED Service to patients who have BE disorder and BN | Cross-sectional | Wellbeing and functioning, problems and risk; Bulimic Sub Scale of the Eating Disorder Index; dropout rate | |
87 | Gregertsen et al., 2019 [102] | Worldwide | 27 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To summarise the evidence base examining baseline predictors of drop-out and outcome in anorexia nervosa treatment | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Baseline predictors of drop-out rate | |
88 | Grenon et al., 2017 [103] | Canada | 27 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To review the effect of group psychotherapy compared to both wait-list controls and other active treatments for adults with ED’s | Meta-analysis | Abstinence rates of binge-eating and/or purging; ED psychopathology | |
89 | Griffen, Naumann and Hilderbrant, 2018 [104] | N/A | N/A | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To discuss how individuals respond when looking in a mirror and the use of mirrors therapeutically; to evaluate the benefits, clinical indications and technical considerations for the use of mirror exposure therapy | Review (narrative) | Varied | |
90 | Griffiths et al., 2015 [105] | Australia | 317 | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine the prevalence and correlates of stigma as reported by individuals with EDs | Cross-sectional | Stigma Scale, Self-Stigma of Seeking Help scale (SSOSH), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), Self-Esteem Scale (SES), Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) | |
91 | Griffiths et al., 2018 [106] | Australia | 425 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To quantitatively examine individuals’ attitudes towards accessing treatment and perceived barriers to seeking treatment for EDs | Case series | Treatment attitudes, treatment barriers, and eating disorder symptom severity | |
92 | Grilo et al., 2011 [107] | USA | 125 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To compare CBT, Behaviour Weight Loss (BWL), and sequential approach in which CBT is delivered first followed by BWL (CBT + BWL) | RCT | Binge-eating remission rates and BMI losses | |
93 | Grilo et al., 2013 [108] | USA | 48 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine the effectiveness of a self-help treatment as a first line primary care intervention for BED in obese patients | RCT | Rates of remission of binge-eating; frequency of objective bulimic episodes using the Eating Disorder Examination Interview (EDE); depression using BDI | |
94 | Grilo et al., 2020 [109] | USA | 191 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To examine longer-term effects of behavioural weight loss and Stepped Care for BED and obesity through 12-month follow-up after completing treatments | RCT | Frequency of Binge-eating, body weight | |
95 | Groff, 2015 [110] | N/A | 6 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To review the current empirical research regarding CBT-E in the treatment of EDs | Review (other) | Effectiveness of enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT-E) | |
96 | Grover et al., 2011 [111] | UK | 64 | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To evaluate the efficacy of a novel web-based systemic cognitive-behavioural intervention for carers of people with AN | RCT | Depression and anxiety; expressed emotion (EE) | |
97 | Grover et al., 2011 [112] | UK | 27 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a novel systemic CBT intervention for carers of people with anorexia nervosa (AN) | Review (other) | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Experience of Care Giving Inventory (ECI), The Eating Disorder Symptom Impact Scale (EDSIS) | |
98 | Hay and Claudino, 2015 [113] | Worldwide | 8 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To conduct a review on the effects of online interventions for people with BN | Review (systematic) | Varied | |
99 | Hay et al., 2009 [114] | Worldwide | 3054 | 48 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To evaluate the efficacy of CBT, CBT-BN and other psychotherapies | Review (systematic) | Efficacy of CBT, CBT‐BN and other psychotherapies |
100 | Hay et al., 2022 [115] | Australia | 98 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To explore the efficacy of a novel intervention integrating Cognitive Behavioural Therapy- Enhanced (CBT-E) and weight management for people with recurrent binge eating episodes and high BMI with respect to physical, psychopathological and quality of life outcomes | RCT | Metabolic parameters, health-related quality of life, general psychological and ED symptoms, ED diagnostic status outcomes | |
101 | Hay, Touyz, and Sud, 2012 [116] | Worldwide | N/A? | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To conduct a review of RCTs of treatment for chronic AN participants and identify research informing novel therapeutic approaches | Review (systematic) | Efficacy of treatment | |
102 | Haynos et al., 2017 [117] | USA | 80 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To use statistical analyses to identify ED subtypes within individuals with BN and to predict clinical outcomes | RCT | Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ), Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) | |
103 | Hazzard et al., 2021 [118] | USA | 112 | Community (adults, both sexes) | To examine childhood abuse and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as predictors and moderators of binge‐eating disorder (BED) treatment outcomes in a randomized controlled trial comparing Integrative Cognitive‐Affective Therapy with cognitive‐behavioural therapy administered using guided self‐help | RCT | Binge-eating frequency, EDE | |
104 | Herbrich-Bowe et al., 2022 [119] | Germany | 56 | Inpatient (young people, females) | To compare CRT with non‐specific cognitive training (NSCT) on set‐shifting and central coherence ability as well as self‐reported everyday life flexibility in the first RCT in adolescent inpatients with AN | RCT | Cognitive flexibility, central coherence performance | |
105 | Herzog et al., 2022 [120] | Germany | 247 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To evaluate the long-term outcomes of a well described and fairly homogeneous sample of adult patients with anorexia nervosa and, to examine whether the treatment advantages found at the 1-year follow-up would persist more than 4 years later | Longitudinal | BMI, eating pathology, mental health outcomes | |
106 | Hibbs et al., 2015 [121] | UK | 13 | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To perform a meta-analysis of quantitative studies that have described the impact of interventions on caregivers | Meta-analysis | Level of carer distress and carer burden; expressed emotion | |
107 | Hilbert et al., 2015 [122] | USA | 205 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To analyse effects of rapid response across different treatments for BE disorder | RCT | Rates of remission from binge-eating, Global Eating Disorder Psychotherapy Pathology at posttreatment, 6, 12,18 and 24-month follow ups | |
108 | Hilbert et al., 2019 [123] | Worldwide | 7515 | 81 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To provide a meta-analysis on the efficacy of psychological and medical treatments for BED | Meta-analysis | Binge-eating episodes and abstinence from binge eating plus secondary outcomes; ED psychopathology and body image, and general psychopathology |
109 | Hill, Craighead and Safer, 2011 [124] | USA | 32 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To investigate a modified version of DBT for BN, entitled appetite focused DBT | RCT | Rate of response to treatment and number of BN symptoms | |
110 | Hodsoll et al., 2017 [125] | UK | 149 | Outpatients (adolescents, both sexes) | To examine the impact of Collaborative Care Skill Training Workshops on carers’ coping strategies etc., as well as unexplored dimension of accommodating and enabling of their loved one's ED behaviour | RCT | Level of Carer skills; accommodation and enabling behaviour; time spent care giving; body mass index; frequency of admissions | |
111 | Högdahl, Birgagard and Bjorck, 2013 [126] | Sweden | 79 | Outpatient/inpatient (adults, both sexes) | To investigate the effects of a bibliotherapy-based CBT-based guided self-help with internet support in a clinical setting | Repeated measures (without follow up) | Pre and post treatment symptoms measured by the Eating Disorder Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 | |
112 | Högdahl et al., 2023 [127] | Sweden | 150 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To evaluate effects of two types of internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy and a structured day patient program, the latter being a standard treatment at an eating disorder clinic at the time for the study | RCT | ED pathology, self-image, clinical impairment | |
113 | Hoyle et al., 2013 [128] | Australia | 37 | Community (Mixed Cohort, Both sexes) | To perform a meta-analysis of quantitative studies that have described the impact of interventions on caregivers | RCT | Carer distress, high-expressed emotion (EE), and care-giving burden associated with ED symptoms | |
114 | Hughes et al., 2014 | Australia | N/A | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To describe the change experienced within a multidisciplinary specialist ED service when a new model of care was implemented | Case study | Admission rate, re-admission rate, number of total bed days, completion of treatment, program success | |
115 | Hughes et al., 2018 [129] | Australia | 198 | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To examine attendance patterns of families in FBT and the impact on outcome | Case series | Weight and ED symptoms at end of treatment | |
116 | Hughes et al., 2017 [130] | Australia | 42 | Outpatient/inpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To examine engagement in and outcomes of FBT for adolescents with atypical anorexia nervosa | Case series | Engagement in FBT (i.e., length and dose of treatment), reduction in ED symptoms as measured by the EDE, reduction in psychological symptoms (i.e., CDI, RSE, YBC-EDS, and CYBOCS), absence of binge eating and purging, return of menses and change in weight | |
117 | Jansingh et al., 2020 [5] | N/A | 3 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To overview the recent literature on psychological treatment for young adults/adults with AN and discuss the implications of the findings for clinical practice | Review (narrative) | Available treatment outcomes and their effectiveness | |
118 | Jenkins et al., 2021 [131] | UK | 180 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To investigate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of guided self-help via face-to-face meetings and a more scalable method, providing support via email | RCT | Overall severity of eating psychopathology and for cost-effectiveness, binge-free using symptom abstinence | |
119 | Jenkins, Morgan and Houlihan, 2019 [132] | UK | 63 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To investigate the effectiveness of CBT for EDs in a 'real-world' setting | Quasi-experimental (intervention) | Height and weight, and remission | |
120 | Jewell et al., 2016 [133] | Worldwide | 13 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To critically review the evidence for ED-focused family therapy using a modern paradigm | Review (critical) | Varied | |
121 | Jones and Clausen, 2013 [134] | Denmark | 205 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, females) | To evaluate the efficacy of a brief group CBT program in treating a large cohort of patients diagnosed with BN | Repeated measures (without follow up) | Bulimia-related behavioural symptoms and bulimia-related distress using EDE | |
122 | Jones et al., 2012 [135] | UK | 48 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To investigate outcomes of a Guided Self-Help (GSH) programme for BE; and to compare profiles of treatment completers and non-completers; and to qualitatively explore reasons for non-completion | Case study | Gender, age, height and weight; Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Beck Depression Inventory-2 (BDI), Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) | |
123 | Juarascio et al., 2013 [136] | USA | 140 | Inpatient (adult, females) | To examine the efficacy of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) based group treatment for ED's and to see if the addition of ACT residential groups to TAU would improve treatment outcomes | RCT | Disordered eating using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) | |
124 | Juarascio et al., 2022 [137] | USA | 56 | Community (adults, all sexes) | To assess the feasibility and acceptability of the CBT + system when used in conjunction with CBT, evaluate the ability of the Just-in-time, adaptive interventions (JITAIs) within the CBT + system to improve skill utilization, examine pre- to post-treatment changes in ED symptoms among individuals receiving JITAIs alongside CBT+, and provide a preliminary estimate of the independent efficacy of JITAIs within the CBT + system to inform design of a future fully powered randomized controlled trial | Quasi-experimental (intervention) | Eating pathology, participant skill use, app usage, acceptability | |
125 | Juarascio et al., 2023 [138] | USA | 59 | To test a novel treatment approach for binge eating targeting reward imbalance, called Reward Re-Training (RRT), in comparison to a therapeutic attention control condition (supportive psychotherapy) | RCT | ED symptoms, depressive symptoms, alcohol and substance use, quality of life | ||
126 | Juarascio, Forman and Herbert, 2010 [139] | USA | 55 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To examine several questions related to the treatment of eating pathology within the context of a larger RCT that compared standard CBT | RCT | The severity of depressive symptoms (BDI-II), anxiety (BAI), Eating Pathology (EPI), life satisfaction (QOLI), level of functioning (GAF, APA, 2000) | |
127 | Kaidesoja, Cooper and Fordham, 2022 [140] | Worldwide | 44 | Mixed (adults, both sexes) | To map and examine the systematic review evidence base regarding the effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for eating disorders (EDs), especially against active interventions | Review (systematic) | ED behaviours and psychopathology | |
128 | Kambanis and Thomas, 2023 [141] | Worldwide | N/A | Mixed (mixed cohorts, both sexes) | To review the literature pertaining to the assessment and treatment of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) 10 years following its introduction to DSM-5 | Review (narrative) | Psychological evaluation, medical evaluation, treatment, comorbidities, family-based approach, comorbidities, other treatment approaches | |
129 | Karekla, Nikolaou and Merwin, 2022 [142] | USA | 92 | Community (young people, females) | To evaluate an innovative digital gamified Acceptance and Commitment early-intervention program (AcceptME) for young females showing signs and symptoms of an ED and at high risk for an ED | RCT | Weight Concern Scale, Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale, EDE-Q, quality of life, body dissatisfaction and feelings of being fat, body-image related thoughts and feelings, Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire | |
130 | Katterman et al., 2014 [143] | Worldwide | 14 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To review 14 studies that investigated mindfulness meditation as the primary intervention and assessed binge eating, emotional eating, and/or weight change | Review (systematic) | Binge-eating, emotional-eating and/or weight change | |
131 | Katzman et al., 2010 [144] | USA | 225 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To conduct a RCT in the treatment of BN, comparing CBT versus motivational enhancement and followed by group versus individual CBT | RCT | Patient improvement | |
132 | Keegan, Tchanturia and Wade, 2021 [145] | Worldwide | 63 | Mixed (adult, both sexes) | To compare previously documented inefficiencies in central coherence and set-shifting between people with non-underweight EDs and people with AN | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Central coherence, set-shifting | |
133 | Kelly and Carter, 2015 [146] | Canada | 41 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To compare a compassion-focused therapy-based self-help intervention for BED to a behaviourally based intervention | RCT | Body-Mass Index, EDE-Q, Binge Eating Frequency, Self-Compassion Scale | |
134 | Klein, Skinner and Hawley, 2013 [147] | USA | N/A | Outpatient (adults, females) | To examine two condensed adaptations of dialectical behaviour therapy for BE | RCT | Core binge-eating symptoms and bulimic symptoms, interoceptive awareness | |
135 | Knott et al., 2015 [148] | UK | 272 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To evaluate treatment outcomes with CBT for adults with bulimia and to compare this with a previously published RCT | Case series | Measurement of ED psychotherapy using EDE-Q scores | |
136 | Konig et al., 2018 [149] | Germany | 147 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To determine the cost-effectiveness of individual face-to-face CBT compared to therapist guided Internet-based self-help in overweight or obese adults with BED | RCT | Long-term effectiveness (measured in Binge-free days) as well as the development of costs beyond the end of treatment, over a 22-month observation period | |
137 | Kroger et al., 2010 [150] | Germany | 24 | Inpatient (adult, females) | To determine if adapted dialectical behaviour therapy for borderline personality disorder and EDs might improve disorder related complaints | Repeated measures (with follow up) | Remission rate, mean body weight | |
138 | Lammers et al., 2022 [151] | Netherlands | 175 | Community (adults, both sexes) | To evaluate whether the results of a quasi-randomized study, comparing dialectical behavior therapy for binge-eating disorder (DBT-BED) and an intensive, outpatient cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT +) in individuals with BED, would be replicated in a nonrandomized study with patients who more closely resemble everyday clinical practice | Quasi-experimental (intervention) | ED pathology, emotion regulation, general psychopathology | |
139 | Lampard, 2011 [152] | Australia | 162 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To compare and evaluate the original and the enhanced cognitive-behavioural models of BN using structural equation modelling | Cross-sectional | Variables outlined in the original CB-BN model, self-esteem, perfectionism, mood intolerance, interpersonal problem | |
140 | Lane-Loney et al., 2022 [153] | USA | 81 | Inpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To describe our protocol for treating ARFID at our PHP, to provide case studies exemplifying how our treatment protocol is modified for each unique ARFID presentation, and to explore the relative effectiveness of our treatment program for three different ARFID presentations | Anthropometrics, food acceptance/fear survey, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, | ||
141 | Lavender et al., 2012 [154] | UK | 74 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To test a novel treatment based on a hypothesis that a focus on broader emotional and social/interpersonal issues underlying ED's would increase treatment efficacy, on an Emotional and Social Mind Training Group, against a CBT Group treatment | RCT | EDE global score | |
142 | Lazaro et al., 2011 [155] | Spain | 160 | Outpatients (adolescents, both sexes) | To evaluate self-esteem and social skills in adolescent ED patients before/after specific group therapy in a Day Hospital Programme | Case study | The Piers–Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale (PHC-SCS), the Self-Esteem in Eating Disorders Questionnaire (SEED) and the Socialization Battery (BAS-3), at the beginning of group therapy, and after the completion of 8-sessions | |
143 | Le et al., 2017 [156] | Australia | N/A | Community (adult, both sexes) | To model the cost-effectiveness of specialist-delivered CBT for BN compared to no intervention | Modelling (statistical) | Cost of treatment and services, remission rate, health outcome | |
144 | Le et al., 2017 [157] | Australia | N/A | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of FBT compared to adolescent-focused individual therapy or no intervention | Modelling (statistical) | Incremental cost effectiveness | |
145 | Le Grange et al., 2012 [158] | USA | 121 | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To identify treatment moderators and mediators of remission for adolescents with AN via FBT and individual adolescent focused therapy | RCT | Severity of ED pathology using the EDE V12.0; depressive symptoms using the BECK Depression Inventory (BDI) and body weight | |
146 | Le Grange et al., 2015 [159] | USA | 130 | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To compare the relative efficacy of therapies of FBT for adolescent bulimia nervosa and CBT adapted for adolescents | RCT | Abstinence of Binge-eating rates and purging for 4 weeks before assessment using the EDE | |
147 | Le Grange et al., 2016 [160] | Australia | 107 | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To compare the relative efficacy of FBT and parent-focused treatment | RCT | Remission defined as ≥ 95% of median body mass index and Eating Disorder Examination Global Score within 1SD of community norms | |
148 | Levinson et al., 2015 [161] | USA | 36 | Outpatient/inpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine D-cycloserine-facilitation of exposure therapy would increase body mass index in patients with AN | RCT | Body Mass Index (BMI), anxiety using the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) | |
149 | Linardon et al., 2017 [162] | Worldwide | 27 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To examine the empirical status of third-wave behaviour therapies | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | ED Psychopathology, EDE global score, remission/recovery, binge eating, shape concern, depression, self-esteem | |
150 | Linardon et al., 2017 [163] | Worldwide | 79 | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine the efficacy of CBT on eating disorders | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | The efficacy of CBT for ED | |
151 | Linardon et al., 2017 [164] | Worldwide | 26 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine the efficacy of psychotherapy for BN on depressive symptoms in the short- and long-term | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Efficacy of psychotherapy on symptoms of depression | |
152 | Linardon et al., 2020 [165] | Australia | 36 | Inpatient and outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To conduct an updated meta-analysis on the efficacy of e-mental health interventions for treating and preventing eating disorders | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Efficacy of e-mental health interventions paying attention to trial quality and outcomes | |
153 | Linardon et al., 2022 [166] | Australia | 332 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To develop and evaluate a smartphone app based on the principles and techniques of transdiagnostic CBT for eating disorders | RCT | Global levels of ED psychopathology; other ED symptoms, impairment and distress | |
154 | Linardon, 2018 [167] | Australia | 29 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To examine whether CBT can modify dietary restraint and attitudes towards shape and weight | Meta-analysis | Dietary restraint and dysfunctional attitudes towards shape and weight | |
155 | Linardon, Kothe and Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, 2019 [168] | Worldwide | 34 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To examine the effects of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder on self-esteem | Meta-analysis | The effects of psychotherapy for BN and BED on self‐esteem improvement | |
156 | Linardon, Messer and Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, 2018 [167] | Australia | 27 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To conduct a meta-analysis of nonrandomized studies of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for EDs | Meta-analysis | Abstinence rates of binge-eating | |
157 | Linnet et al., 2022 [169] | Denmark | 143 | Community (adults, both sexes) | To investigate the association between the number of words per message and adherence in a text based iCBT program for BED | Quasi-experimental (intervention) | BED symptoms, depressive symptoms | |
158 | Lock et al., 2010 [170] | USA | 121 | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To evaluate the relative efficacy of FBT and adolescent-focused individual therapy for adolescents with AN | RCT | Full remission or partial remission rates; mean global Eating Disorder Examination Score within one SD of published means | |
159 | Lock et al., 2015 [171] | USA | 45 | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To examine the feasibility and effects of treatment aimed at enhancing parental self-efficacy related to re-feeding skills in poor early responders to FBT | RCT | Recruitment and attrition rates, percentile body weight, Therapy Suitability and Patient Expectancy (TSPE) Scale, Psychopathology (EDE) | |
160 | Loeb et al., 2012 [172] | N/A | N/A | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To describe the transdiagnostic theory and application of FBT for children and adolescents with EDs | Review (narrative) | Not defined | |
161 | Low et al., 2021 [173] | Worldwide | 6 | Inpatient and outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine the efficacy of virtual reality-enhanced CBT in the treatment of binge-purging type EDs compared to CBT | Meta-analysis | BMI and frequency of binges and/or purges; body satisfaction; situation induced body dissatisfaction | |
162 | Lydecker and Grilo, 2016 [174] | USA | 344 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine differences in child ED behaviours and parental feeding practices between parents exhibiting AN, BN, binge-eating/purging disorder with parents reporting no ED characteristics | Cross-sectional | BMI, Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ) | |
163 | Lynch et al., 2010 [175] | USA | 123 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To conduct an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis of a CBT guided self-help intervention to treat recurrent BE compared to TAU | RCT | Binge-free days and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs); cost to patients and the health plan | |
164 | Macdonald et al., 2012 [176] | Worldwide | 13 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To examine the context and effectiveness of motivational interviewing and Motivational Enhancement Therapy in patients or carers of people with ED's to identify limitations, difficulties and research needs | Review (systematic) | Varied | |
165 | MacDonald, Trottier and Olmsted, 2017 [177] | Canada | 104 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To examine whether rapid change in emotion regulation predicted treatment outcomes, beyond the effects of RSBC | Repeated measure (without follow-up) | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Self-monitored ED behaviours, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | |
166 | Madden et al., 2015 [178] | Australia | 69 | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To Identify whether early weight gain in family-based treatment (FBT) predicted greater weight and remission at end of FBT and 12-month follow-up | RCT | Weight gain | |
167 | Magson, Handford and Norberg, 2021 [179] | Worldwide | 20 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To determine the need for higher quality research that utilizes larger samples/uniform outcome measures that are more strongly grounded in theory | Review (systematic) | Changes in eating behaviours, cue reactivity and/or CS-US expectancies from pre- to post-treatment | |
168 | Mallorqui-Bague et al., 2018 [180] | Spain | 507 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To explore Emotion Regulation difficulties and to assess pre-treatment and post-treatment changes among ED types | Longitudinal (< 5 years) | Pre-treatment and post-treatment changes among ED types | |
169 | Månsson, Parling and Swenne, 2016 [181] | Sweden | 47 | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To study the effect of defined parental interventions on restrictive EDs in adolescents | Repeated measures (without follow up) | Weight change and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months; EDE-Q score at start of treatment and at 3 months | |
170 | Marco, Perpina and Botella, 2013 [182] | Spain | 34 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, females) | To compare CBT for EDs with/without a component for body image treatment using Virtual Reality techniques | RCT | Body-image; Body Attitude Test (BAT), Body Image Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (BIATQ), Body Areas Satisfaction Scale (BASS), Situational Inventory of Body-Image Dysphoria (SIBID), The Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh (BITE), The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) | |
171 | Marcos and Cantero, 2009 [183] | Spain | 98 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, females) | To assess social support dimensions in patients with ED, looking at diagnosis, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, and self-concept | Cross-sectional | Social support assessment | |
172 | Masheb, Grilo and Rolls, 2011 [184] | USA | 50 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To examine a dietary approach for producing weight loss in obese patients with BED who also received CBT | RCT | Percentage of participants achieving at least a 5% weight loss using BMI; Binge-remission, energy density, psychopathology using EDE | |
173 | Mason et al., 2017 [185] | USA | 171 | Community and outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To examine baseline and longitudinal associations between eating-related and psychosocial variables and dimensions of weight QOL | RCT | Body mass index (BMI), ED psychopathology, and psychosocial factors | |
174 | Matthews et al., 2018 [186] | USA | 51 | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine the relation between caregiver illness perceptions about AN, symptom severity indicators, and caregiver burden in a sample of medically hospitalized youth with AN | Cross-sectional | Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (Brief IPQ), Eating Disorder Symptom Impact Scale (EDSIS), Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Children's Depression Inventory-2 Short Form (CDI-2-S), Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children-Second Edition (MASC-2) | |
175 | McClay et al., 2016 [187] | UK | 253 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To investigate attitudes towards online self-help for ED's and the support required | Cross-sectional | Attitudes towards on-line self-help | |
176 | McIntosh et al., 2011 [188] | New Zealand | 135 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To identify any evidence of a conditioned inoculation from exposure treatment compared with relaxation training in long-term abstinence from binge eating | RCT | Long-term abstinence rates and frequency of purging from binge-eating over 5 years | |
177 | McIntosh et al., 2016 [189] | New Zealand | 112 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To compare CBT with CBT; schema therapy, and appetite-focused CBT | RCT | Frequency of binge-eating; some behavioural and psychological aspects | |
178 | Mercado et al., 2021 [190] | UK | 12 | Mixed (adult, both sexes) | To examine randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of MBIs with control groups primarily encouraging either dietary or exercise-based behavioural change in individuals with overweight/obesity and/or binge eating disorder (BED) | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Changes in body mass (BMI or weight), mindfulness scores, BED symptoms | |
179 | Moberg et al., 2021 [191] | Norway | 62 | Mixed (adults, both sexes) | To shed light on how these two specific and conceptually different treatment approaches work for patient samples with varying presentations of EDs in both RCTs and observational studies | Review (meta-analysis) | ED psychopathology, ED remission | |
180 | Moghmi, Davis and Rotondi, 2021 [192] | Worldwide | 3 | Community (adults, both sexes) | To determine the effectiveness of eHealth treatments in adults diagnosed with full or subthreshold BED | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Objective binge episodes, BMI, EDE-Q, shape concern, weight concern | |
181 | Monteleone et al., 2022 [193] | Worldwide | 59 | Mixed (mixed cohorts, both sexes) | To conduct a review accounting for effect modifiers and confounding factors, and conducting analyses by age group, type of intervention, setting, control condition, ED diagnosis (i.e. AN, BN, BED, EDNOS), and mode of treatment delivery | Meta-analysis | ED-specific behaviours, neuropsychological functioning, eating disorder-specific psychopathology, functioning and quality of life, general psychiatric symptoms, global course of the disease, weight or BMI | |
182 | Munsch, Meyer and Biedert, 2012 [194] | Switzerland | 48 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To assess the long-term efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment (CBT) and Behavioural Weight-Loss-Treatment (BWLT) in patients with BED and to identify potential predictors of long-term treatment success | RCT | ED psychopathology, BMI, negative affect, therapeutic process variables and contentment with therapy | |
183 | Murphy et al., 2012 [195] | N/A | N/A | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To consider, review and discuss the rationale for using Interpersonal psychotherapy to treat patients with EDs | Review (narrative) | Evidence supporting the use of IPT | |
184 | Murray et al., 2015 [196] | USA | 35 | Outpatient/inpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To investigate the efficacy of integrating FBT and dialectical behaviour therapy in treating adolescent bulimia nervosa | Repeated measures (no follow up) | Core bulimia nervosa pathology; emotional regulation difficulties; parental measures of self-efficacy | |
185 | Onnink et al., 2022 [197] | USA | 22 | 674 | Mixed (mixed cohorts, both sexes) | To review the evidence of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for EDs through January of 2022 | Review (systematic) | ED behaviour, body image, weight |
186 | O’Reilly et al., 2014 [198] | Worldwide | 21 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To conduct a literature review to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for treating binge eating, emotional eating and external eating | Review (systematic) | Changing obesity-related eating behaviours, specifically binge eating, emotional eating and external eating | |
187 | Pacanowski et al., 2018 [199] | USA | 189 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To characterise factors that promote or inhibit weight loss in individuals with BED and obesity | RCT | BMI, Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), Three Factor Eating Questionnaires (TFEQ) | |
188 | Palavras et al., 2017 [200] | Worldwide | 19 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To review efficacy of psychological therapies for BN and BED in reducing binge frequency and weight | Meta-analysis | Binge-eating frequency or binge remissions; weight or BMI at end of treatment and at 1 year follow up; treatment completion rates | |
189 | Palavras et al., 2021 [201] | Brazil | 98 | Outpatient (adults, both sexes) | To investigate the efficacy and safety of introducing a weight loss intervention to the treatment of people with disorders of recurrent binge eating and a high BMI | RCT | Sustained weight loss at 12 months, ED psychopathology | |
190 | Parling et al., 2016 [202] | USA | 43 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To compare 19 sessions of ACT with TAU, after 9 to 12 weeks of day care, regarding recovery and risk of relapse up to 5 years | RCT | Body Mass Index (BMI) and specific eating psychopathology | |
191 | Paslakis et al., 2017 [203] | Germany | 30 | Outpatient (females) | To determine if the novel virtual reality paradigm may serve as a therapeutic tool for exposure and habituation of the urge of acutely engaging in physical activity in patients with EDs | Cross-sectional | Cognitive, emotional, and behavioural aspects of the acute urge to move, leptin levels | |
192 | Peat et al., 2017 [204] | Worldwide | 30 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To expand the literature for BED studies to include a review of comparative effectiveness | Review (systematic) | Abstinence, frequency, weight | |
193 | Pennesi and Wade, 2016 [3] | Worldwide | 54 | Community (adult, females) | To identify existing models for disordered eating and to identify those models which have helped inform the development of interventions for disordered eating | Review (systematic) | Disordered eating models (existing and those that informed the development of interventions for disordered eating) | |
194 | Pepin and King, 2016 [205] | Australia | 77 | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine if Collaborative Care Skills Training workshops by facilitators trained in its delivery could lead to improve the well-being, coping strategies and problem-solving skills of carers of someone with an ED | Repeated measures (with follow up) | Coping strategies, expressed emotion (EE), burden, distress, confidence in capacity to change, accommodating and enabling of ED behaviour | |
195 | Pepin and King, 2013 [206] | Australia | 15 | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To present the results of a RCT measuring the efficacy of a video-based skills training to decrease burden and psychological distress in caregivers of inpatients treated for an ED in specialized hospital units | Repeated measures (with follow up) | General psychological health (psychological distress), adaptive and maladaptive coping, expressed emotion (critical comments and emotional over involvement), burden experienced by carers and perceptions of impact of caring for someone with an ED (nutritional difficulties, guilt, manifestation of dysregulated behaviour, social isolation) | |
196 | Perpina et al., 2013 [207] | Spain | 59 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To examine the clinical validation of a Virtual Reality Environment designed to normalize eating patterns in EDs | Control trial | The Reality Judgment and Presence Questionnaire (RJPQ); The revised version of the ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory (ITC-SOPI); Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II); Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI); The Restraint Scale (RS) | |
197 | Peterson et al., 2017 [208] | USA | 80 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To examine the indirect effects of Integrative Cognitive-Affective Therapy and CBT-E on BN treatment outcome through the variables of emotion regulation, self-directed behaviour, and self-discrepancy | RCT | EDE Binge-eating and Purging frequency as well as global score at end of treatment and 4-month follow up | |
198 | Peterson et al., 2020 [209] | USA | 112 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To compare Integrative Cognitive-Affective Therapy with an established cognitive-behavioural guided self-help treatment using standard and ecological momentary assessment outcome measures | RCT | Frequency of binge eating as measure by the EDE and EMA (hypothesised maintenance mechanisms also assessed) | |
199 | Philipp et al., 2021 [210] | Austria | 98 | Outpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To evaluate the effectiveness of a caregivers’ skills training program on adolescents with AN delivered as workshops or online | Repeated measures (without follow up) | BMI, eating psychopathology, motivation to change, emotional and behavioural problems and quality of life | |
200 | Pinto-Gouveia et al., 2017 [211] | Portugal | 59 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To test the acceptability and efficacy of a psychological program based on psychoeducation, mindfulness, and self-compassion for obese or overweight women with BED | Longitudinal (< 5 years) | EDE 16.0, Binge Eating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Shamer Scale, Obesity-Related Well-Being Questionnaire, Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire | |
201 | Pisetsky et al., 2015 [212] | USA | 190 | N/A | To examine whether perceptions of group dynamics early in treatment predicted ED outcomes in adults with BED in 15 CBT group sessions with differing levels of therapist involvement (led, assisted, and self-help) | RCT | EDE Global Score, Number of OBE in past 21 days | |
202 | Pittock, Hodges and Lawrie, 2018 | Worldwide | 5 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To review if internet-delivered CBT as a possible treatment for patients with bulimic symptoms | Review (systematic) | Binge-eating and purging | |
203 | Polnay et al., 2014 [213] | Worldwide | 10 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To evaluate how group therapy for BN compares with individual therapy, no treatment, or other therapies, in terms of remission from binges and binge frequency | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Remission from binges and binge-frequency | |
204 | Poulsen et al., 2014 [214] | Denmark | 70 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To compare psychoanalytic psychotherapy and CBT in the treatment of BN | RCT | Eating disorder examination interview at baseline, after 5 months and after 2 years | |
205 | Puls, Schmidt and Hilbert, 2019 [215] | Germany | 64 | Outpatient (young people, both sexes) | To examine therapist adherence and therapeutic alliance and their associations in CBT for adolescents with BED | RCT | Variability of adherence and alliance) explained by treatment module, patient, and therapist) | |
206 | Quadflieg et al., 2017 [216] | Germany | 285 | Community (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To investigate the feasibility and usefulness of an online information and skills development intervention for carers of individuals with AN and individuals with AN | RCT | Eating Disorder Symptom Impact Scale, Accommodation and Enabling Scale and General Health Questionnaire-12 at baseline and 3-month follow up | |
207 | Rahmani et al., 2018 [217] | Iran | 60 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To determine the effect of dialectical behaviour therapy on BED, difficulties in emotion regulation, and BMI of patients suffering from BED and overweight | RCT | BMI, binge eating and emotion regulation ability | |
208 | Ramklint et al., 2012 [218] | Sweden | 89 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To describe the implementation and effectiveness of the first step, guided self-help of a stepped-care model of CBT for patients with bulimic symptoms | Case series | Decrease in bulimic symptoms | |
209 | Raykos et al., 2014 [219] | Australia | 112 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To assess therapeutic alliance over the course of CBT-E for patients with a diagnosis of BN or atypical BN | Cross-sectional | Alliance, treatment retention and outcome | |
210 | Raykos et al., 2014 [220] | Australia | 406 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine whether baseline interpersonal problems differed across ED diagnoses and subtypes | Cross-sectional | Eating-disorder psychopathology and socialising ability | |
211 | Ricca et al., 2010 [221] | Italy | 144 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To compare individual and group CBT for BED | RCT | Recovery at 3-year follow-up, weight-loss, treatment resistance, relapse, and diagnostic change | |
212 | Richards et al., 2018 [222] | Worldwide | 30 | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To review the literature reporting outcomes of augmentative FBT interventions for adolescents with restrictive EDs | Review (systematic) | Body weight and/or ED symptoms at end of treatment | |
213 | Rieger et al., 2010 [223] | N/A | N/A | N/A | To develop a theoretical model of interpersonal psychotherapy in the context of EDs | Review (narrative) | Social Evaluation | |
214 | Riesco et al., 2018 [224] | Spain | 176 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To examine features of Other Specified Feeding or EDs subtypes, CBT responses and clinical predictors of therapy outcome | Case series | Eating related psychopathological and personality measures | |
215 | Robinson et al., 2013 [225] | Canada | 49 | Outpatient (adolescents, both sexes) | To examine parent and adolescent outcomes of FBT and the role of parental self-efficacy in adolescent ED, depressed mood and anxiety symptoms | Repeated measures (with follow up) | Changes in ED symptomatology, as well as in ratings of depressed mood and anxiety symptoms | |
216 | Romero-Martinez, Ruiz-Robledillo and Moya-Albiol, 2016 [226] | Spain | 54 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To characterize whether caregivers of individuals with EDs show declarative memory impairments compared to non-caregiver’s caregivers | Cross-sectional | Memory impairment Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), Level of testosterone (T) | |
217 | Rossi et al., 2021 [227] | Italy | 141 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To evaluate the role of its variation as a possible mediator of the efficacy of enhanced CBT on classic ED symptomatology, including body uneasiness | Longitudinal (< 5 years) | BMI and psychometric scales (EDE-Q6, BUT-A, IDEA, SCL 90-R, GSI) | |
218 | Rozakou-Soumalia, Dȃrvariu and Sjögren, 2021 [228] | Denmark | 11 | Mixed (adult, both sexes) | To study the effect of DBT in ED and specifically the effect of DBT on ER in comparison to a control group and to investigate the effect on general psychopathology and Body Mass Index (BMI) | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Emotion regulation, ED psychopathology, BMI | |
219 | Sanchez-Ortiz et al., 2011 [229] | UK | 76 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To evaluate if Internet-based CBT may be able to bridge the gap of female students who do not access effective treatment | RCT | ED outcomes were assessed with the ED examination (EDE); depression, anxiety and quality of life | |
220 | Scanferla et al., 2022 [230] | France | 169 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To test this novel intervention assuming it would be an innovative “first fast” step into care, facilitating access and commitment in specialised treatment of users with newly diagnosed eating disorders | Quasi-experimental (intervention) | ED psychopathology, subjective satisfaction | |
221 | Schag et al., 2019 [231] | Germany | 80 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To compare the results of a cognitive behavioural group intervention focusing on impulsive eating with a randomised control group | RCT | Binge-eating episodes; eating pathology, depression, general impulsivity and body-mass-index (BMI) | |
222 | Schlegl et al., 2015 [232] | Worldwide | 45 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To evaluate the potential of technology-based interventions in EDs (AN and BN) for prevention and treatment, and also for carers of ED patients | Review (systematic) | Varied | |
223 | Schlup, Meyer and Munsch, 2010 [233] | Switzerland | 76 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To compare treatment outcomes of short-term and long-term CBT for BED in a non-randomized comparison and to identify moderators of treatment outcome | Repeated measures (with follow up) | Remissions from binge-eating based on EDE, number of OBEs (EDE), associated disorder psychopathology (4EDE sub scales) and BMI | |
224 | Schwarte et al., 2017 [234] | Germany | 296 | Community (Mixed cohort, both sexes) | To assess the levels of expressed emotions and depressive symptoms found in caregivers of patients with AN | Longitudinal (< 5 years) | Levels of Expressed Emotions (EE) and Depressive Symptoms (DS) | |
225 | Shimshoni et al., 2020 [235] | USA | 14 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To assess the feasibility, acceptability, treatment-satisfaction, and preliminary efficacy of Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions adapted for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder | Repeated measure (without follow-up) | The feasibility, acceptability, treatment-satisfaction, and preliminary efficacy of Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions | |
226 | Slade et al., 2018 [236] | Worldwide | 21 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To compare the effectiveness of pharmacological, psychological and a combination of treatments to identify the most effective for BN | Meta-analysis | Full remission at end of treatment | |
227 | Sodersten et al., 2017 [237] | Worldwide | N/A | Mixed (adult, both sexes) | To examine the science and evidence supporting CBT for the treatment of BN and other EDs | Review (narrative) | Remission rate, relapse rate | |
228 | Solmi et al., 2021 [238] | Worldwide | 16 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To compare stand-alone psychological interventions for adult outpatients with AN with a specific focus on BMI, ED symptoms, and all-cause dropout rate | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | BMI, Frequency of Eating Disorder Symptoms, Clinical symptoms and all-cause drop-out rate | |
229 | Spielmans et al., 2013 [239] | Worldwide | 53 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To conduct meta-analysis comparing psychological treatments for BN and BED and the role of moderating variables | Meta-analysis | Therapist allegiance, supervision, pretraining, homework | |
230 | Steele, Bergin and Wade, 2011 [240] | Australia | 87 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To examine predictors of guided self-help treatment outcome in BN | RCT | Stress, Eating Disorder-Related Automatic Thoughts, Frequency of Binge episodes | |
231 | Stefanini et al., 2019 [241] | Italy | 97 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To study the factors affecting caregivers living with someone with an ED | Cross-sectional | The accommodation and enabling scale for eating disorders (AESED), The family questionnaire (FQ), The depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21) | |
232 | Stefini et al., 2017 [242] | Germany | 81 | Outpatient (adolescent, females) | To compare CBT and psychodynamic therapy for the treatment of BN in female adolescents | RCT | Rate of remission defined as a lack of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) diagnosis at the end of therapy | |
233 | Stein et al., 2013 [243] | USA | 69 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To determine if findings of a randomized trial of an identity intervention programme designed to build new positive self-schemas that are separate from other conceptions of the self in memory as the means to promote improved health in women diagnosed with EDs are reported | RCT | ED symptoms at 1-month, 6-months, 12-months post intervention | |
234 | Steinberg et al., 2023 [244] | USA | 210 | Community (young people, both sexes) | To describe our FBT + treatment approach, highlight preliminary clinical outcomes, and discuss implications for the future of eating disorder treatment | Cross-sectional | Weight, ED symptoms, depression and anxiety symptoms, caregiver burden and self-efficacy, treatment acceptability and satisfaction | |
235 | Steinglass et al., 2011 [245] | USA | N/A | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To review data on anxiety in AN, the relationship between anxiety disorders and AN, and the use of Exposure and Response Prevention in treatment | Review | Varied | |
236 | Steinglass et al., 2014 [246] | USA | 32 | Inpatient (adult, both sexes) | To evaluate AN Exposure and Response Prevention (AN-EXRP) as an adjunctive strategy to improve eating behaviour during weight restoration | RCT | Average test meal caloric intake | |
237 | Stice et al., 2019 [247] | USA | 84 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To evaluate a dissonance-based group ED treatment | RCT | ED diagnosis; ED symptom change; level of dissonance about affirming the thin-ideal | |
238 | Stile-Shields et al., 2013 [248] | USA | 64 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To investigate the strength and role of therapeutic alliance by comparing CBT and Specialist Supportive Clinical Management for the treatment of AN | RCT | Perception of the quality of the therapeutic relationship, eating disorder (ED) symptomatology, and depressive symptomatology | |
239 | Stiles-Shields et al., 2012 [249] | N/A | N/A | Outpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To provide a critical literature overview focusing on FBT especially adolescents | Review (other) | Not defined | |
240 | Strandskov et al., 2017 [250] | Sweden | 92 | Community (adult, both sexes) | To investigate the outcome of tailored and ACT-influenced, Internet CBT treatment for ED psychopathology, and the relation between knowledge acquisition and outcome | RCT | Eating disorder symptoms and body shape dissatisfaction | |
241 | Striegel-Moore et al., 2010 [251] | USA | 123 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To evaluate whether a manual-based guided self-help form of CBT, in 8 sessions over a 12-week period, is more effective than TAU | RCT | Patient Health Questionnaire eating disorder module (PHQ-ED); Eating Disorder Examination (EDE); Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV; Beck Depression Inventory | |
242 | Swenne, Parling and Ros, 2017 [252] | Sweden | 201 | Outpatient/inpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To investigate the 1-year outcome of a family-based intervention programme with defined and decisive interventions at the start of treatment | Repeated measures (with follow up) | BMI and psychometric measures (EDE-Q) | |
243 | Tatham, 2011 [253] | N/A | N/A | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To consider theoretical and empirical findings in terms of the clinical applicability of imagery-based techniques and their ability to enhance CBT | Review (narrative) | Varied | |
244 | Tecuta and Tomba, 2018 [254] | Italy | 60 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To investigate subjective incompetence and its association with psychological distress and well-being | Repeated measure (without follow-up) | Subjective incompetence | |
245 | ter Huurne et al., 2015 [255] | Netherlands | 214 | Community (adult, females) | To evaluate the effects of a Web-based CBT using intensive asynchronous therapeutic to improve ED psychopathology, reduce body dissatisfaction and related health problems among ED patients | RCT | ED psychopathology; body dissatisfaction; physical health, mental health, self-esteem, quality of life, social functioning | |
246 | ter Huurne et al., 2021 [256] | Netherlands | 212 | Community (adult, females) | To report on a 1-year follow-up study into a web-based CBT for female patients with ED | RCT with 1-year follow-up | ED psychopathology, body dissatisfaction, BMI, physical health, mental health, self-esteem, quality of life, social functioning | |
247 | Thomas et al., 2017 [257] | N/A | N/A | Outpatient/inpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To summarise what is known about avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and to introduce a three-dimensional model | Review (other) | Not defined | |
248 | Thomas et al., 2021 [258] | USA | 17 | Outpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To evaluate feasibility, acceptability, and proof-of-concept for CBT for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in children and adolescents | Repeated measures (without follow-up) | Feasibility, acceptability, and proof-of-concept for CBT | |
249 | Thomas, Wons and Eddy, 2018 [259] | N/A | N/A | Outpatient/inpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To review the literature on avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder treatment and highlight a novel cognitive-behavioural approach | Review (other) | Not defined | |
250 | Thompson-Breener, Boisseau and Satir, 2010 [260] | USA | 120 | Outpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To undertake a naturalistic study of the treatment and outcome of adolescents with EDs in the community | Case series | Observation | |
251 | Thompson-Brenner et al., 2015 [261] | USA | 43 | Community (adult, females) | To compare changes in purging, depression, and cognitive ED symptoms for associations with BN remission | Quasi-experimental (intervention) | Percentage change in purging frequency and percentage change in BDI score and Rate of Remission | |
252 | Thompson-Brenner et al., 2016 [262] | USA | 50 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To investigate the relative effects, predictors, and moderators of CBT for BN with personality and mood/anxiety disorders | RCT | Frequency of remission from binge-eating and purging at termination; severity of affective/interpersonal problems using EDE scores | |
253 | Thompson-Brenner et al., 2021 [263] | USA | 3108 | Community (mixed cohorts, both sexes) | To examine the effect of the Renfrew Unified Treatment for Eating Disorders and Comorbidity (UT) implementation across 5 years of treatment delivery | Longitudinal (5-years) | ED symptom severity, depressive symptoms, experiential avoidance, anxiety sensitivity, mindfulness | |
254 | Traviss, Heywood-Everett and Hill, 2011 [264] | UK | 81 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To evaluate a CBT-based pack delivered by trained mental health professionals in 6 sessions over 3 months | RCT | Eating disorder psychopathology (EDE-Q), key behavioural features and global distress (CORE) | |
255 | Traviss-Turner, West and Hill, 2017 [265] | Worldwide | 30 | Outpatient (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To establish the effectiveness of guided self-help for reducing global ED psychopathology and abstinence from BE, compared with controls | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | Level of psychopathology and abstinence from binge eating | |
256 | Treasure et al., 2015 [8] | Worldwide | N/A | N/A | To map the possibility of new treatment approaches for EDs | Review (narrative) | Primary and secondary symptoms seen in the enduring stage of ED | |
257 | Turner, Bryant-Waught and Marshall, 2015 [266] | UK | 94 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To explore the impact of early symptom change and the early therapeutic alliance on treatment outcome in CBT for EDs | Longitudinal (< 5 years) | Early symptom change (cognitive and behavioural) and the early therapeutic alliance on treatment outcome | |
258 | Valenzuela et al., 2018 [267] | USA | 110 | Outpatient (adolescent, both sexes) | To examine the effect of FBT for BN and CBT on depressive symptoms and self-esteem in adolescents with BN | RCT | Depressive symptoms and self-asteem; Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI; Panel A) and Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (RSES; Panel B) | |
259 | Vancampfort et al., 2014 [268] | Belgium | 34 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To explore the associations between changes in number of binges, physical activity, physical fitness, physical self-perception and QOL after 6-month physical activity counselling and CBT program in patients with BED | Repeated measures (without follow up) | Frequency of binges was assessed using the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE); Physical fitness: the 6-min walk test (6MWT); Health related quality of life: the MOS 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36); Physical activity: Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire; The Physical Self Perception Profile (PSPP); | |
260 | Vancampfort et al., 2014 [269] | Belgium | 100 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To compare the mental and physical health related QOL of 40 obese persons with BED with 20 age, gender and BMI matched obese persons without BED and 40 age and gender matched non-obese volunteers | Cross-sectional | Mental and physical health-related quality of life (HRQL) | |
261 | Vaz, Conceicao and Machado, 2013 [270] | Portugal | 42 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To test the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioural guided self-help treatment program for BN and similar disorders | Repeated measures (with follow up) | Eating Disorder Examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) score; Outcome-Questionnaire (OQ-45) score and Back Depression Inventory (BDI) score | |
262 | Vaz, Conceição and Machado, 2014 [271] | Portugal | 42 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To investigate the sessions/time required for a clinical change with a guided self-help CBT treatment, to assess the predictive value of early response and other potential predictors of end-of-treatment clinical status | Case study | Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), Eating Disorders Examination (EDE), Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Outcome Questionnaire (OQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | |
263 | Vella-Zarb et al., 2014 [272] | Canada | 45 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To build on current research by comparing Motivational Interviewing with psychoeducation, each as a prelude to self-help treatment for BE | RCT | Readiness to change and confidence in ability to control binge eating | |
264 | Vocks et al., 2010 [273] | Worldwide | 38 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To compute and compare mean effects of various treatments for BED | Meta-analysis | Varied | |
265 | Vogel, Singh and Accurso, 2021 [274] | USA | 50 | Community (adolescent, both sexes) | To summarize and critically analyse the current literature on the feasibility, acceptability, effectiveness, and efficacy of CBT and DBT for adolescent eating disorders, and then proposes areas of future research | Systematic review/meta-analysis (combined) | AN outcomes, BN outcomes, BED outcomes, transdiagnostic outcomes | |
266 | von Brachel et al., 2014 [275] | Germany | 179 | Community (adult, females) | To identify predictors of dropout from a Web-based 6-session program to enhance motivation to change for women with AN, BN, or related subthreshold eating pathology | Quasi-experimental (intervention) | ED pathology measured by EDE-Q; Motivation to change using URICA; Depressive Mood using HSCL-25 | |
267 | Wade et al., 2021a [276] | Australia | 120 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To identify latent classes of trajectory of change in BMI between the initial and thirteenth session of outpatient treatment for adult AN and identify the association with outcome | Repeated measures (without follow up) | Body weight, ED psychopathology (EDE) | |
268 | Wade et al., 2021b [277] | Australia | 98 | Outpatient (young/adult, both sexes) | To compare the efficacy of two forms of CBT-ED for patients with a BMI of more than 17.5—CBT-T and an expanded (10-session) CBTm—and to conduct an exploratory investigation of moderators | RCT | Global eating psychopathology, clinical impairment, depression, anxiety and stress, remission and good outcome, body avoidance, body checking, motivation | |
269 | Wagner et al., 2013 [278] | Austria | 155 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To evaluate in a RCT the long-term effectiveness of internet guided self-help compared with conventional guided bibliotherapy in females with BN | RCT | Frequency of binge eating, vomiting and fasting | |
270 | Wagner et al., 2015 [279] | Austria | 126 | Mixed (mixed cohort, both sexes) | To determine predictors of good long-term outcome and drop-out, in order to identify patients for whom these interventions are most suitable | RCT | Depressive symptomatology using BDI; general psychopathology using SIAB-EX; eating disorder inventory (EDI-2); temperament and character using TSI-R | |
271 | Wagner et al., 2016 [280] | Germany | 139 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To examine the efficacy of an Internet-based cognitive-behavioral intervention and to examine the stability of treatment effects over 12 months | RCT | Binge eating episodes, Eating Disorder Examination–Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), body weight and BMI | |
272 | Walker and Bryant, 2013 [281] | N/A | 27 | N/A | To synthesize findings from studies of the belief that people who have endured and overcome a psychiatric disability can offer useful support, encouragement, and hope to their peers | Review (other) | Varied | |
273 | Waller et al., 2014 [282] | UK | 78 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To examine whether the efficacy of CBT for bulimic disorders can be translated into routine clinical practice | Case series | Eating behaviours and attitudes, depression pre- and post-treatment, frequency of bingeing and vomiting | |
274 | Watson et al., 2011 [283] | Australia | 353 | Outpatient (adult, females) | To replicate the model in a sample of women with EDs and to investigate its predictive ability on binge eating and purging | Cross-sectional | Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), Weight Concern and Shape Concern subscales of the EDE (EDE-WSC), Self-Oriented Perfectionism subscale from the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-SOP), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) | |
275 | Watson et al., 2017 [284] | USA | 191 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To identify predictors and moderators of failure to engage and dropout in both Internet-based and traditional face-to-face CBT for BN | RCT | Failure to engage and drop-out rate | |
276 | Watson et al., 2018 [285] | USA | 179 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Internet-based CBT for BN (CBT-BN) compared to face-to-face delivery of CBT-BN | RCT | Abstinence from binge-eating and purging; the mean cost per abstinence patient | |
277 | Watson, Fursland and Byrne, 2013 [9] | Australia | 972 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To describe the prevalence and characteristics associated with early exit at an outpatient ED service | Longitudinal (< 5 years) | Pathology of early exit group compared with non-early exit | |
278 | Wilson and Zandberg, 2012 [286] | USA | 136 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To determine the effectiveness and scalability of cognitive-behavioural guided self help for EDs | Review (narrative) | Varied | |
279 | Wonderlich et al., 2014 [287] | USA | 80 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To compare a new psychotherapy for BN, integrative cognitive-affective therapy, with an established treatment, CBT-E | RCT | Bulimic symptoms using generalised estimating equations (GEEs) | |
280 | Zerwas et al., 2017 [288] | USA | 179 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To compare an Internet-based manualized version of CBT group therapy for BN via a therapeutic chat group to the same treatment via a traditional face-to-face group therapy | RCT | Frequency of binge-eating and purging | |
281 | Zipfel et al., 2014 [289] | Germany | 242 | Outpatient (adult, both sexes) | To assess the efficacy and safety of focal psychodynamic therapy and CBT-E versus optimised TAU | RCT | Weight gain, measured as increased body-mass index (BMI) at the end of treatment |