Table 1 Clinical characteristics of anorexia nervosa patients with versus without antipsychotic medication
Total (n = 294) | With antipsychotics (n = 44) | Without antipsychotics (n = 250) | t-test Mann–Whitney U-test χ2-test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD Mdn (Q1, Q3) n (%) | M ± SD Mdn (Q1, Q3) n (%) | M ± SD Mdn (Q1, Q3) n (%) | df z | t U χ2 | p | Cohens d Cramers V | |
ED diagnoses | – | – | – | 1 | 2.3 | 0.132 | 0.1 |
AN-R | 238 (81.0) | 32 (72.7) | 206 (82.4) | – | – | – | – |
AN-BP | 56 (19.0) | 12 (27.3) | 44 (17.6) | – | – | – | – |
Sex | – | – | – | 1 | 0.0 | 1.000 | 0.0 |
Female | 284 (96.6) | 43 (97.7) | 241 (96.4) | – | – | – | – |
Male | 10 (3.4) | 1 (2.3) | 9 (3.6) | – | – | – | – |
Age of onset, years | 14.1 (13.0, 15.2) | 13.6 (12.2, 14.4) | 14.2 (13.1, 15.3) | − 2.9 | 3948.0 | 0.003* | 0.2 |
Duration of illness, months | 12.6 ± 12.1 | 13.9 ± 12.5 | 12.4 ± 12.0 | 290 | − 0.8 | 0.449 | 0.1 |
Age at admission, years | 15.2 (14.0, 16.6) | 14.8 (13.2, 15.9) | 15.4 (14.1, 16.6) | − 2.5 | 4204.0 | 0.013* | 0.2 |
Menarche, age in years | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 12.0 ± 2.0 | 12.0 ± 1.9 | − 0.6 | 1238.0 | 0.574 | 0.0 |
Primary amenorrhea | 55 (18.7) | 14 (31.8) | 41 (16.4) | 1 | 5.8 | 0.016* | 0.1 |
Secondary amenorrhea | 184 (62.6) | 23 (52.3) | 161 (64.4) | 1 | 2.4 | 0.125 | 0.1 |
Oligomenorrhea | 9 (3.1) | 1 (2.3) | 8 (3.2) | 1 | 0.0 | 1.000 | 0.0 |
Intelligence | |||||||
Very high intelligence | 15 (5.1) | 2 (4.5) | 13 (5.2) | 1 | 0.0 | 1.000 | 0.0 |
High intelligence | 99 (33.7) | 20 (45.5) | 79 (31.6) | 1 | 3.2 | 0.073 | 0.1 |
Average intelligence | 176 (59.9) | 21 (47.7) | 155 (62.0) | 1 | 3.2 | 0.075 | 0.1 |
Below average intelligence | 4 (1.4) | 1 (2.3) | 3 (1.2) | 1 | 0.0 | 0.479 | 0.0 |
Family psychopathology and childhood abuse | |||||||
Family psychopathology present | 194 (66.0) | 32 (72.7) | 162 (64.8) | 1 | 1.0 | 0.389 | 0.1 |
History of childhood abuse | 26 (8.8) | 9 (20.5) | 17 (6.8) | 1 | 7.0 | 0.008* | 0.2 |
Emotional | 9 (3.1) | 5 (11.4) | 4 (1.6) | 1 | 9.0 | 0.001* | 0.2 |
Physical | 12 (4.1) | 5 (11.4) | 7 (2.8) | 1 | 5.0 | 0.025* | 0.2 |
Sexual | 7 (2.4) | 2 (4.6) | 5 (2.0) | 1 | 0.2 | 0.282 | 0.1 |
Psychiatric comorbidities | |||||||
Comorbidities, average number | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) | 1.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | − 3.3 | 3973.0 | 0.001* | 0.2 |
At least one comorbidity | 129 (43.9) | 29 (65.9) | 100 (40.0) | 1 | 10.2 | 0.001* | 0.2 |
Substance use disorder | 3 (1.0) | 1 (2.3) | 2 (0.8) | 1 | 0.0 | 0.386 | 0.1 |
Affective disorders | 82 (27.9) | 21 (47.7) | 61 (24.4) | 1 | 10.12 | 0.001* | 0.2 |
Major depressive disorder | 48 (16.3) | 14 (31.8) | 34 (13.6) | 1 | 9.1 | 0.003* | 0.2 |
Persistent affective disorder | 39 (13.3) | 8 (18.2) | 31 (12.4) | 1 | 0.6 | 0.423 | 0.1 |
Neurotic, stress, and somatoform disorders | 44 (15.0) | 8 (18.2) | 36 (14.4) | 1 | 0.2 | 0.675 | 0.0 |
Phobia | 7 (2.4) | 1 (2.3) | 6 (2.4) | 1 | 0.0 | 1.000 | 0.0 |
Obsessive–compulsive disorder | 28 (9.5) | 6 (13.6) | 22 (8.8) | 1 | 0.5 | 0.466 | 0.1 |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | 2 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.8) | 1 | 0.0 | 1.000 | 0.0 |
Personality and behavioral disorder traits | 22 (7.5) | 7 (15.9) | 15 (6.0) | 1 | 4.0 | 0.046* | 0.1 |
Borderline | 9 (3.1) | 4 (9.1) | 5 (2.0) | 1 | 4.2 | 0.041* | 0.1 |
Compulsive | 4 (1.4) | 1 (2.3) | 3 (1.2) | 1 | 0.0 | 0.479 | 0.0 |
Disorders with onset in childhood/adolescence | 5 (1.7) | 0 (0) | 5 (2.0) | 1 | 0.1 | 1.000 | 0.1 |
Anthropometric Characteristics at Baseline | |||||||
BMI at admission | 14.4 (13.6, 15.3) | 14.4 (13.4, 15.0) | 14.4 (13.6, 15.4) | − 1.2 | 4888.5 | 0.239 | 0.1 |
BMI percentile at admission | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | − 0.2 | 5442.5 | 0.872 | 0.0 |
BMI z-scores at admission | − 3.0 (− 3.8, − 2.3) | − 2.8 (− 3.7, − 2.4) | − 3.0 (− 3.8, − 2.3) | − 0.4 | 5300.0 | 0.701 | 0.0 |
Kg < 1. BMI percentile at admission | − 1.8 (− 4.1, 0.0) | − 1.8 (− 3.6, 0.0) | − 1.8 (− 4.3, 0.0) | − 0.1 | 5467.0 | 0.948 | 0.0 |
Anthropometric Characteristics at Discharge | |||||||
BMI at discharge | 17.4 (16.6, 18.0) | 16.9 (16.0, 17.5) | 17.5 (16.7, 18.0) | − 2.8 | 3942.5 | 0.005* | 0.2 |
BMI percentile at discharge | 10.0 (5.5, 16.3) | 9.0 (3, 14) | 10.0 (6.0, 17.0) | − 1.3 | 4722.0 | 0.203 | 0.1 |
BMI z-scores at discharge | − 1.3 (− 1.6, − 1.0) | − 1.4 (− 2.0, − 1.1) | − 1.3 (− 1.5, − 1.0) | − 1.6 | 4520.5 | 0.103 | 0.1 |
Weight change, kg/week | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | − 4.3 | 3148.5 | < 0.001* | 0.3 |
BMI change/week | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | − 3.4 | 3653.0 | 0.001* | 0.2 |
BMI percentiles change/week | 0.7 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.2) | − 2.8 | 3947.0 | 0.005* | 0.2 |
BMI z-score change/week | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.1) | 0.1 (0.1,0.2) | − 3.6 | 3515.0 | < 0.001* | 0.2 |
Treatment duration, days | 98.2 ± 43.2 | 124.1 ± 55.4 | 93.7 ± 39.2 | 50.8 | − 3.5 | < 0.001* | 0.6 |
Psychotropic medication treatment other than antipsychotics during hospitalization | |||||||
Psychotropic medication other than antipsychotics | 56 (19) | 20 (46) | 36 (14) | 1 | 23.4 | < 0.001* | 0.3 |
One | 50 (17) | 15 (34) | 35 (14) | – | – | – | – |
Two | 4 (1) | 3 (7) | 1 (4) | – | – | – | – |
Three | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | 0 (0) | – | – | – | – |
Four | 2 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – | – | – | – |
Antidepressants, average number | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | 0.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | − 5.0 | 3738.0 | < 0.001* | 0.3 |
At least one antidepressant | 56 (19.0) | 20 (45.5) | 36 (14.4) | 1 | 23.4 | < 0.001* | 0.3 |
SSNRI | 2 (0.7) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (0.4) | 1 | 1.9 | 0.277 | 0.1 |
Venlafaxine | 2 (0.7) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (0.4) | 1 | 1.9 | 0.277 | 0.1 |
SSRI, at least one | 47 (16.0) | 16 (36.4) | 31 (12.4) | 1 | 16.0 | < 0.001* | 0.3 |
Escitalopram | 22 (7.5) | 8 (18.2) | 14 (5.6) | 1 | 8.6 | 0.003* | 0.2 |
Fluoxetine | 14 (4.8) | 5 (11.4) | 9 (3.6) | 1 | 3.4 | 0.065 | 0.1 |
Fluvoxamine | 7 (2.4) | 2 (4.5) | 5 (2.0) | 1 | 0.2 | 0.628 | 0.1 |
Paroxetine | 2 (0.7) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (0.4) | 1 | 0.2 | 0.277 | 0.1 |
Tetracyclic antidepressant | 6 (2.0) | 5 (11.4) | 1 (0.4) | 1 | 17.3 | < 0.001* | 0.3 |
Mirtazapine | 6 (2.0) | 5 (11.4) | 1 (0.4) | 1 | 17.3 | < 0.001* | 0.3 |
Tricyclic antidepressant | 2 (0.7) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (0.4) | 1 | 0.2 | 0.277 | 0.1 |
Doxepin | 2 (0.7) | 1 (2.3) | 1 (0.4) | 1 | 0.2 | 0.277 | 0.1 |
Anxiolytic | 2 (0.7) | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 | 5.7 | 0.022* | 0.2 |
Lorazepam | 2 (0.7) | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 | 5.7 | 0.022* | 0.2 |