Table 1 Characteristics of included studies in this review
First author (Publication year) | Country | Questionnaire language | Eligibility criteria for participants | Sample size | Age, years, mean ± SD | Sex | Instrument | Mode of administration | Items | Domains | Evaluation of Psychometric properties according of Cut-off points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tong [25] | China | Mandarin | Individuals with an EDs who came to Wuhan Hospital for psychotherapy or Wuhan Mental Health Center for treatment were included. Individuals with an EDs were diagnosed according to the DSM-IV criteria for AN or BN. The control group was undergraduate and graduate students from the China University of Geosciences in Wuhan without eating disorders | 84 | 19.9 ± 3.2 | Female/Male | Eating Disorder Examination | Interview | 62 | Restraint Eating Concern Shape Concern Weight Concern | Discriminant validity: AN BN Individuals without EDs Statistically significant difference Diagnostic performance: AUC not assessed Reliability Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: good Test–retest: Spearman coefficient: strong correlation |
Penelo [31] | Mexico | Spanish | School children of both sexes (under 18 years old) of the Mexican population in Nayarit, in urban and rural areas. Participants were excluded if they did not answer the complete questionnaires | 2928 | 15.1 ± 1.7 | Female/Male | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire | Self-report | 38 | Restraint Eating Concern Shape Concern Weight Concern | Convergent validity: Questionnaire on Influences of Aesthetic Body Ideal: moderate correlation EDI-2: weak to strong correlation Children’s Eating Attitudes Test: moderate correlation Construct validity: Confirmatory factor analysis: χ2/df: adequate fit RMSEA: good fit CFI: mediocre adjustment Factor loadings: minimum level Measurement invariance: Model equal factor loading: χ2/df: adequate fit RMSEA: acceptable fit CFI: mediocre adjustment Model equal intercepts χ2/df: inadequate fit RMSEA: acceptable fit CFI: mediocre adjustment Reliability Internal consistency: Omega coefficient: good Test–retest: ICC: good Cohen’s Kappa coefficient: discrete |
Becker [28] | Fiji | Fijian | The population of all available Fijian ethnic origins, aged 15–20, enrolled on Forms 3 to 6 in the 12 secondary schools registered in an administrative sector of the Fijian Ministry of Education in October 2006 were included | 523 | 16.6 ± 1.0 | Female | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire | Self-report | 28 | Restraint Eating Concern Shape Concern Weight Concern | Convergent validity: Fijian Body Shape Concern and Dissatisfaction Questionnaire: moderate correlation Questions on Tradition and Change: weak correlation Global School-Based Student Health Survey: weak to moderate correlation Construct validity Exploratory factor analysis: KMO and Bartlett’s test not evaluated Factor loadings: high level Reliability Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: moderate to good Test–retest: ICC: moderate Cohen’s kappa coefficient poor to substantial |
Mahmoodi [30] | Iran | Persian | Female students from three medical universities of Tehran, Iran (including University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; and Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch) were included. Participants were excluded if they did not agree to participate or did not complete the instrument | 516 | 23.7 ± 3.1 | Female | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire | Self-report | 28 | Restraint Eating Concern Shape Concern Weight Concern | Convergent validity: Clinical Impairment Assessment: weak correlation Binge Eating Scale: moderate correlation Discriminant validity: Underweight students Overweight student Healthy weight student Statistically significant difference Reliability Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: excellent |
Lewis-Smith [24] | India | English | Adolescents aged 11 to 15 years from four urban private secondary schools in Delhi, North-West India were included. Participants with > 10% of questionnaires items missing were excluded | 1465 | 13.0 ± 0.8 | Female/Male | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire | Self-report | 28 | Restraint Eating Concern Shape Concern Weight Concern | Convergent validity: Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults: rho: moderate correlation Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: Relative χ2: good fit RMSEA: acceptable to good fit CFI: mediocre adjustment to good fit TLI: mediocre adjustment SRMR: good fit Factor loadings: high level Confirmatory factor analysis: Relative χ2: inadequate fit RMSEA: good fit CFI: good fit TLI: mediocre adjustment SRMR: good fit Measurement invariance: CFI; RMSEA and SRMR not assessed Reliability Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: excellent Tests-retest: Cohen’s kappa coefficient: discrete to moderate |
Unikel-Santoncini [26] | Mexico | Spanish | Women in psychiatric consultation at the Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition in Mexico City, diagnosed with AN or BN, were included. The control group was high school students without a diagnosis of eating disorders from a private school in Mexico City | 495 | 19.3 ± 2.5 | Female | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire | Self-report | 28 | Restraint Eating Concern Shape Concern Weight Concern | Construct validity: Confirmatory factor analysis: χ2/df: adequate fit RMSEA: acceptable fit CFI: good fit TLI: good fit SRMR: good fit Factor Loadings: high level Reliability Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: excellent |
He [22] | China | Mandarin | Chinese undergraduate students under 25 years of age were included | 1068 | 20.1 ± 1.0 | Female/Male | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire–Short | Self-report | 12 | One-dimensional | Convergent validity: Eating Attitude Test‑26: r: moderate correlation Kessler Psychological Distress Scale: moderate correlation Construct validity: Confirmatory factor analysis: χ2/df: adequate fit CFI: mediocre adjustment TLI: mediocre adjustment RMSEA: mediocre adjustment Factor Loadings: high level Item response theory: Rasch modeling: Unidimensionality Variance explained: strong Unexplained variance: good Eigenvalue: acceptable Item calibration Inft: productive Outfit: productive Person separation index: good Person separation reliability: good DIF: intermediate to large Reliability Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: good Test–retest: ICC: good |
Yucel [27] | Turkey | Turkish | Students belonging to primary and secondary schools representing low, medium, and high socioeconomic status in Istanbul were included | 925 | 15.5 ± 1.8 | Female/Male | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire | Self-report | 28 | Restraint Eating Concern Shape Concern Weight Concern | Convergent validity: Eating Attitudes Test: moderate correlation Turkish version of the general health questionnaire: moderate correlation Body image satisfaction questionnaire: null correlation Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: excellent Test–retest: Pearson correlation coefficient: very strong |
Ramli [32] | Malaysia | Bahasa Malaysia | From four secondary schools, adolescents aged 12 to 17 were selected by stratified quota sampling to represent the Malaysian population with a ratio of race, gender, and academic performance were included. Specific ethnic groups were excluded | 298 | 10 ± 8.2 | Female/Male | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire | Self-report | 36 | Restraint Eating Concern Shape Concern Weight Concern | Construct validity: Confirmatory factor analysis: KMO: good Factor loading: minimum to high level Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: good |
Mohd Taib [23] | Malaysia | Malay | University students from various disciplines in a public university in Klang Valley, Malaysia, were included. Participants were bilingual Malaysians (Malay—native language or English—instructional medium of the university) | 595 | 21.9 ± 1.2 | Female/Male | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire | Self-report | 28 | Restraint Eating Concern Shape Concern Weight Concern | Convergent validity: Eating Attitudes Test: moderate correlation World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief: weak correlation Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: KMO and Bartlett’s test not evaluate Factor loadings: minimum to high level Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: excellent Test–retest: Pearson correlation coefficient: strong |
Compte [29] | Argentina | Spanish | Men living in communities in Argentina from four groups of college students, weightlifters, cross-fit gymnasiums, and rugby players were included | 986 | 26.5 ± 6.7 | Male | Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire | Self-report | 28 | Restraint Eating Concern Shape Concern Weight Concern | Construct validity: Confirmatory factor analysis: χ2/df: adequate fit CFI: good fit TLI: mediocre adjustment to acceptable fit SRMSR: good fit RMSEA: acceptable to marginal fit Measurement invariance: Configural vs Metric: ΔCFI: non invariance ΔRMSEA: non invariance ΔSRMR: strong invariance Metric vs Scalar: ΔCFI: non invariance ΔRMSEA: non invariance ΔSRMR: strong invariance Internal consistency: Omega coefficients: good to excellent |
Unikel-Santoncini [33] | Mexico | Spanish | Women diagnosed with an EDs according to the DSM-IV criteria through a clinical interview were included | 523 | 19.9 ± 3.9 | Female | Eating Disorder Inventory | Self-report | 64 | Drive for Thinness Bulimia Body Dissatisfaction Perfectionism Ineffectiveness Interpersonal Distrust Interoceptive Awareness Maturity Fears | Convergent validity: Symptom check list: moderate to strong correlation Coopersmith Self Esteem Inventory: null correlation Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: KMO and Bartlett’s test not evaluated Factor Loadings: high level Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: excellent |
GarcÃa-GarcÃa [34] | Mexico | Spanish | Women diagnosed with an EDs according to the criteria of the DSM-IV, through a clinical interview were included | 47 | 18.4 ± 3.6 | Female | Eating Disorder Inventory—2 | Self-report | 91 | Drive for Thinness Bulimia Body Dissatisfaction Perfectionism Ineffectiveness Interpersonal Distrust Interoceptive Awareness Maturity Fears Asceticism Impulse Regulation Social Insecurity | Diagnostic performance: AUC not assessed Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: good |
Dadgostar [36] | Iran | Persian | Participants over 18 years of age from Iranian universities were included. Participants with questionnaires with more than 20% missing data were excluded from the analyses | 452 | 22.3 ± 4.0 | Female/Male | Eating Disorder Inventory—3 | Interview | 91 | Drive for Thinness Bulimia Body Dissatisfaction Low Self-esteem Emotional Dysregulation Perfectionism Asceticism Interoceptive Deficit Maturity Fear Interpersonal insecurity Personal Alienation Interpersonal Alienation | Content validity: Validity index for clarity: acceptable standard Validity index for relevancy: acceptable standard Comprehensiveness of the survey: acceptable Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficients: questionable to good Test–retest: ICC: moderate |
Rutsztein [35] | Argentina | Spanish | Women aged between 13 and 19 years old, from middle school in the City of Buenos Aires or Greater Buenos Aires, who agreed to participate in the study, and presented the informed consent signed by someone parental were included. Students who presented severe communication difficulties and questionnaire understanding were excluded | 725 | 15.1 ± 1.3 | Female | Eating Disorder Inventory—3 | Self-reported | 91 | Drive for Thinness Bulimia Body Dissatisfaction Low Self-esteem Emotional Dysregulation Perfectionism Asceticism Interoceptive Deficit Maturity Fear Interpersonal insecurity Personal Alienation Interpersonal Alienation | Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: Eating Disorder Risk Scale: Bartlett's test: statistically significant KMO: very good Scales of psychological characteristics: Bartlett's test: statistically significant KMO: very good Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: questionable to excellent |
Savaşır [21] | Turkey | Turkish | Women from the province of Ankara aged between 11 to 70 years who attended secondary schools, nursing colleges, medical schools, conservatories, dancers, and different socioeconomic levels were included. Elementary school students were excluded | 745 | 23 ± 5.4 | Female | Eating Attitudes Test-40 | Self-reported | 40 | Dieting Bulimia and food preoccupation Oral control | Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: KMO and Bartlett’s test not evaluated Factor loadings: minimum to high level Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: acceptable |
Nasser [37] | Egypt | Arabic | Girls aged between 15–16 years old from the first year EL-Nile Secondary is a State School were included | 351 | 15.7 ± 7.7 | Female | Eating Attitudes Test-40 | Self-reported | 40 | Dieting Bulimia and food preoccupation Oral control | Construct Validity: Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Factor loadings: middle to high level Reliability: Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: unacceptable to good |
Alvarez-Rayón [40] | Mexico | Spanish | Female participants aged between 15 and 29 years from outpatients with eating disorders treated at the Eating Disorders Clinic at the National Institute of Psychiatry in Mexico City seen in consultation and college or undergraduate students at the National Autonomous University of Mexico were included | 556 | 19.3 ± 3.7 | Female | Eating Attitudes Test-40 | Self-reported | 40 | Dietary Restraint Bulimia Drive Thinness Food Preoccupation Perceived Social Pressure | Discriminant validity: Individuals with EDs Control Group Statistically significant difference Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: KMO and Bartlett’s test not evaluated Factor Loadings: middle to high level Diagnostic performance: AUC not assessed Reliability Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: excellent |
Nunes [41] | Brazil | Portuguese | Women aged between 12 to 29 years from the city of Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil were included | 163 | 24.2 ± 3.9 | Female | Eating Attitudes Test-26 | Self-reported | 26 | Dieting Bulimia and Food Preoccupation Oral Control | Diagnostic performance: AUC not assessed Reliability Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: acceptable |
[42] | Brazil | Portuguese | Male adolescents aged between 10 to 19 years enrolled in private or public schools in Juiz de Fora, Brazil were included. Participants who did not answer the questionnaires in full or because they did not participate in anthropometric measurements were excluded | 357 | 14.2 ± 2.2 | Male | Eating Attitudes Test-26 | Self-reported | 26 | Dieting Bulimia and Food Preoccupation Oral Control | Convergent Validation: Body Shape Questionnaire: fair correlation Discriminant validity: Low weight Normal weight Overweight Obese Statistically significant difference Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: Bartlett's Test: statistically significant KMO: very good Factor Loadings: minimum to high level Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: good Test–retest: ICC: excellent |
Kang [44] | China | Mandarin | A clinical group of women aged between 13 to 29 years old who were born and lived in Mainland China and who met the diagnostic criteria for EDs were included. The control group was healthy women aged between 13 to 29 years old from schools and universities | 802 | 19.6 ± 4.5 | Female | Eating Attitudes Test-26 | Self-reported | 26 | Dieting Bulimia and Food Preoccupation Oral Control | Convergent validity: Eating Disorder Inventory-I: moderate to strong correlation Diagnostic performance: AUC: high accuracy Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: good to excellent Test–retest: ICC: good |
ConstaÃn [45] | Colombia | Spanish | Women aged between 15 to 25 years old with criteria of AN and BN from the city of MedellÃn who attended a psychiatric consultation at a community care level were included. The control group was students from a private university in MedellÃn. Participants suffering from stupors, depression, catatonia, schizophrenia, neoplasms, HIV infection, malabsorption syndrome, untreated diabetes mellitus, uncorrected hypo, and hyperthyroidism or any other severe medical illness that was related to malnutrition and hypometabolism were excluded | 136 | 20.6 ± 1.9 | Female | Eating Attitudes Test-26 | Self-reported | 26 | Dieting Bulimia and Food Preoccupation Oral Control | Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: Bartlett's test: Statistically significant KMO: very good Factorial loadings: high level Diagnostic performance: AUC: excellent accuracy Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: excellent |
ConstaÃn [46] | Colombia | Spanish | Man ≥ 14 years old with criteria of AN, BN and EDs not otherwise specified from the city of MedellÃn who attended a psychiatric consultation at the community care level were included. Control group was students from a private university in MedellÃn. Participants suffering from stupors depression, catatonia, schizophrenia, neoplasms, HIV infection, malabsorption syndrome, hypo and hyperthyroidism or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, and any other pathology related to malnutrition and hypometabolism were excluded | 114 | 21.8 ± 5.7 | Male | Eating Attitudes Test-26 | Self-reported | 26 | Dieting Bulimia and Food Preoccupation Oral Control | Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: Bartlett's test: Statistically significant KMO: average Factor loadings: middle to high level Diagnostic performance: AUC: excellent accuracy Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: good |
Erguney-Okumus [47] | Turkey | Turkish | Male and female university students from the six different cities of Turkey were included | 1500 | 20.6 ± 3.0 | Female/Male | Eating Attitudes Test-26 | Self-reported | 26 | Dieting Bulimia and Food Preoccupation Oral Control | Convergent validity: Eating Attitude Test-40: moderate correlation Brief Symptom Inventory: weak correlation Eating Disorder Rating Scale: moderate correlation Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: Bartlett's test: statistically significant KMO: good Factor loadings: minimum to high level Confirmatory factor analysis: χ2/df: adequate fit CFI: mediocre adjustment GFI: poor fit SRMR: good fit RMSEA: acceptable fit Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: questionable to good Test–retest: Pearson correlation coefficient: strong |
Kaewporndawan [43] | Thailand | Thai | Individuals with EDs according to the DSM-IV-TR medical diagnostic, participants with other psychiatric disorders, and normal population were included | 70 | 23.2 ± 5.5 | Female | Eating Attitudes Test-26 | Self-reported | 26 | Dieting Bulimia and Food Preoccupation Oral Control | Content validity: Item total correlation coefficient: excellent Discriminant validity: Individuals with eating disorders Control group statistically significant difference Diagnostic performance: AUC: excellent accuracy |
Haddad [38] | Lebanon | Arabic | Participants above 18 years of age were randomly selected from each village were eligible to participate. Participants were excluded if they refused to fill out the questionnaire and those suffering from cognitive impairment reported by a family member | 811 | 27.5 ± 11.7 | Female/Male | Eating Attitudes Test-26 | Interview | 26 | Dieting Bulimia and Food Preoccupation Oral Control | Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: Bartlett's test: statistically significant KMO: very good Confirmatory Factor Analysis: χ2/df: adequate fit RMSEA: good fit GFI: poor fit AGFI: poor fit Internal consistency: Cronbach's alpha coefficient: good |
Ahmadi [39] | Iran | Persian | Female undergraduate students of the Tonekabon branch of Azad Islamic University from six departments, four to five classes were included. Participants who presented losses in three or more items of the questionnaire were excluded | 598 | 21.5 ± 3.4 | Female | Eating Attitudes Test-26 | Self-reported | 26 | Diver for thinness Restrained eating Perceived social pressure to eat Food preoccupation and oral Bulimia | Convergent validity: Binge Eating Scale: moderate Beck Depression Inventory-II: null correlation Beck Anxiety Inventory: weak correlation Discriminant validity: Individuals who are currently on a diet Individuals who have never been on a diet statistically significant difference Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: Bartlett's test: statistically significant KMO: good Factor Loadings: minimum to high level Internal consistency: Polychoric ordinal alpha: acceptable to excellent Test–retest: Pearson correlation coefficient: null to strong correlation |
Pinheiro [48] | Brazil | Portuguese | Preadolescents aged between 8 to 12 years from 4 private schools in São Luis Maranhão were included | 347 | 10.0 ± 1.4 | Female/Male | Children's Attitudes Test | Self-reported | 26 | Dieting Attitudes Oral Control Social pressure to eat | Construct validity: Exploratory factor analysis: Bartlett’s test: statistically significant KMO: average Factorial Loadings: minimum to high level Internal consistency Cronbach's alpha coefficient: moderate |