| Baseline | Week 1 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Lower carbohydrate /high fat feed (n = 14) | 95% CI | Standard feed (n = 10) | 95% CI | Baseline comparison p value | Effect size | Lower carbohydrate /high fat feed (n = 14) | 95% CI | Standard feed (n = 10) | 95% CI |
Anthropometry | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Body Mass, kg | 43.7 ± 4.7 | 41.0, 46.4 | 45.1 ± 2.8 | 43.1, 47.1 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 46.4 ± 5.1 | 43.5, 49.3 | 47.9 ± 4.0 | 45.0, 50.8 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 16.3 ± 1.7 | 15.3, 17.3 | 16.7 ± 0.9 | 16.1, 17.3 | 0.53 | 0.28 | 17.3 ± 1.8 | 16.3, 18.3 | 17.7 ± 1.1 | 16.9, 18.5 |
mBMI, % | 77.8 ± 9.1 | 72.5, 83.1 | 79.3 ± 5.2 | 75.6, 83.0 | 0.63 | 0.19 | 82.7 ± 9.4 | 77.3, 88.1 | 84.0 ± 5.9 | 79.8, 88.2 |
Handgrip (L), kg | 20.8 ± 3.3 | 18.9, 22.7 | 22.7 ± 3.7 | 20.1, 25.3 | 0.19 | 0.55 | 22.1 ± 4.4 | 19.6, 24.6 | 23.1 ± 3.5 | 20.6, 25.6 |
Handgrip (R), kg | 24.2 ± 4.8 | 21.4, 27.0 | 23.2 ± 3.6 | 20.6, 25.8 | 0.58 | -0.23 | 25.1 ± 5.0 | 22.2, 28.0 | 25.2 ± 3.6 | 22.6, 27.8 |
Tricep skinfold, mm | 9.5 ± 2.9 | 7.8, 11.2 | 9.6 ± 2.7 | 7.7, 11.5 | 0.92 | 0.04 | 10.5 ± 3.5 | 8.5, 12.5 | 10.1 ± 2.5 | 8.3, 11.9 |
Bicep skinfold, mm | 5.0 ± 1.7 | 4.0, 6.0 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 4.1, 6.1 | 0.93 | 0.06 | 5.4 ± 2.0 | 4.2, 6.6 | 5.3 ± 1.3 | 4.4, 6.2 |
Suprailiac skinfold, mm | 7.3 ± 2.6 | 5.8, 8.8 | 7.0 ± 1.9 | 5.6, 8.4 | 0.77 | -0.13 | 8.3 ± 3.1 | 6.5, 10.1 | 8.2 ± 2.3 | 6.6, 9.8 |
Subscapular skinfold, mm | 6.5 [5.6, 8.4] | N/A | 6.7 [5.9, 8.4] | N/A | 0.48A | 0.29 | 6.8 [6.0, 9.3] | N/A | 7.5 [6.7, 8.9] | N/A |
Nutrition | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Total kcal/day (Oral + NG feed) | 1890 [1890, 1890] | N/A | 1890 [1890, 1890] | N/A | 1.00A | 0.00 | 3350 [3188, 3350] | N/A | 3325 [2844, 3350] | N/A |
Kcal/kg/day | 43.7 ± 4.8 | 40.9, 46.5 | 42.0 ± 2.5 | 40.2, 43.8 | 0.28 | -0.42 | 71.1 ± 9.9 | 65.4, 76.8 | 66.8 ± 7.5 | 61.4, 72.2 |
Energy from Carbohydrate, % | 28.3 [28.3, 28.3] | N/A | 54.4 [54.4, 54.4] | N/A |  < 0.001A | 3.06 | 44.8 [44.2, 45.3] | N/A | 53.0 [52.9, 56.1] | N/A |
Energy from Protein, % | 16.8 [16.8, 16.8] | N/A | 16.8 [16.8, 16.8] | N/A | 1.00A | 0.00 | 14.5 [14.4, 14.5] | N/A | 14.5 [14.1, 14.5] | N/A |
Energy from Fat, % | 55.8 [55.8, 55.8] | N/A | 29.4 [29.4, 29.4] | N/A |  < 0.001A | 3.06 | 40.4 [39.8, 40.4] | N/A | 32.2 [28.4, 32.3] | N/A |
kcal/day from oral intake | 0 [0,0] | N/A | 0 [0,0] | N/A | 1.00A | 0.00 | 2300 [1800, 2300] | N/A | 2300 [1800, 2300] | N/A |
Energy from Carbohydrate, % | 0 [0,0] | N/A | 0 [0,0] | N/A | 1.00A | 0.00 | 52.3 [52.3, 57.4] | N/A | 52.3 [52.3, 57.4] | N/A |
Energy from Protein, % | 0 [0,0] | N/A | 0 [0,0] | N/A | 1.00A | 0.00 | 13.4 [12.6, 13.4] | N/A | 13.4 [12.6, 13.4] | N/A |
Energy from Fat, % | 0 [0,0] | N/A | 0 [0,0] | N/A | 1.00A | 0.00 | 33.4 [27.6, 33.4] | N/A | 33.4 [27.6, 33.4] | N/A |
Biochemical parameters | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Phosphate, mmol/L | 1.18 ± 0.19 | 1.07, 1.29 | 1.11 ± 0.13 | 1.02, 1.20 | 0.35 | -0.42 | 1.06 ± 0.15 * | 0.97, 1.15 | 0.88 ± 0.12 *†| 0.79, 0.97 |
Magnesium, mmol/L | 0.94 ± 0.09 | 0.89, 0.99 | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 0.90, 0.98 | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.81, 0.91 | 0.85 ± 0.05 | 0.81, 0.89 |
Potassium, mmol/L | 3.75 ± 0.44 | 3.50, 4.00 | 3.72 ± 0.32 | 3.49, 3.95 | 0.84 | -0.08 | 3.67 ± 0.23 | 3.54, 3.80 | 3.59 ± 0.10 | 3.52, 3.66 |
Glucose, mmol/L | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 4.3, 5.3 | 5.5 ± 1.2 | 4.6, 6.4 | 0.22 | 0.68 | 4.4 ± 0.7 | 4.0, 4.8 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 3.9, 5.1 |
 | ANOVA Results | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Time | Feed | Interaction | |||
 | p value | Effect size | p value | Effect size | p value | Effect size |
Anthropometry | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Body Mass, kg | < 0.001 | 0.71 | 0.428 | 0.03 | 0.998 | 0.00 |
BMI, kg/m2 | < 0.001 | 0.72 | 0.566 | 0.02 | 0.978 | 0.00 |
mBMI, % | < 0.001 | 0.72 | 0.670 | 0.01 | 0.931 | 0.00 |
Handgrip (L), kg | 0.059 | 0.15 | 0.346 | 0.04 | 0.289 | 0.05 |
Handgrip (R), kg | 0.006 | 0.30 | 0.790 | 0.00 | 0.274 | 0.05 |
Tricep skinfold, mm | 0.001 | 0.43 | 0.935 | 0.00 | 0.241 | 0.06 |
Bicep skinfold, mm | 0.001 | 0.41 | 0.954 | 0.00 | 0.214 | 0.07 |
Suprailiac skinfold, mm | < 0.001 | 0.60 | 0.857 | 0.00 | 0.616 | 0.01 |
Subscapular skinfold, mm | 0.395B | 0.35 | 0.002C | 2.87 | 0.005D | 3.96 |
Nutrition | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Total kcal/day (Oral + NG feed) | 0.599B | 0.20 | 0.001C | 4.00 | 0.005D | 2.30 |
Kcal/kg/day | < 0.001 | 0.94 | 0.248 | 0.06 | 0.365 | 0.04 |
Energy from Carbohydrate, % | < 0.001B | 3.06 | 0.001C | 4.00 | 0.797D | 0.16 |
Energy from Protein, % | 0.478B | 0.25 | 0.001C | 4.67 | 0.004D | 4.11 |
Energy from Fat, % | < 0.001B | 3.06 | 0.001C | 4.67 | 0.027D | 1.95 |
kcal/day from oral intake | 0.841B | 0.07 | 0.001C | 4.08 | 0.004D | 2.49 |
Energy from Carbohydrate, % | 0.841B | 0.07 | 0.001C | 4.08 | 0.004D | 2.49 |
Energy from Protein, % | 0.841B | 0.07 | 0.001C | 4.08 | 0.004D | 2.49 |
Energy from Fat, % | 0.841B | 0.07 | 0.001C | 4.08 | 0.004D | 2.49 |
Biochemical parameters | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Phosphate, mmol/L | 0.086 | 0.13 | 0.013 | 0.26 | 0.035 | 0.20 |
Magnesium, mmol/L | < 0.001 | 0.71 | 0.853 | 0.00 | 0.396 | 0.03 |
Potassium, mmol/L | 0.193 | 0.08 | 0.584 | 0.01 | 0.779 | 0.00 |
Glucose, mmol/L | 0.058 | 0.21 | 0.141 | 0.13 | 0.994 | 0.00 |