Table 4 Associations between Any Fasting (≥ 1 Times) and Regular Fasting (≥ 13 Times) in the Past Four Weeks and Substance Use and Mental Health Correlates by Gender among Participants from the Healthy Minds Study

Men

Women

Any fasting

AOR^a (95% CI)

p

AOR^a (95% CI)

p

Any cigarette use, past 30 days

1.36 (0.90–2.06)

0.142

1.57 (1.15–2.15)

0.005

Marijuana use, past 30 days

1.34 (0.99–1.83)

0.060

1.92 (1.58–2.34)

< 0.001

Other illicit drug use, past 30 days

1.45 (0.90–2.31)

0.123

2.71 (1.88–3.90)

< 0.001

Alcohol use, past 2 weeks

0.72 (0.54–0.96)

0.027

1.14 (0.94–1.37)

0.179

Positive depression screen, PHQ-9

3.40 (2.53–4.56)

< 0.001

3.86 (3.20–4.65)

< 0.001

Positive anxiety screen, GAD-7

2.73 (1.98–3.78)

< 0.001

2.58 (2.14–3.11)

< 0.001

Positive eating disorder screen, SCOFF

4.64 (3.35–6.43)

< 0.001

4.86 (4.02–5.87)

< 0.001

Suicidal ideation, past 12 months

2.44 (1.62–3.68)

< 0.001

2.72 (2.11–3.50)

< 0.001

Any non-suicidal self-injury, past 12 months

2.53 (1.84–3.50)

< 0.001

2.63 (2.15–3.22)

< 0.001

Men

Women

Regular fasting

AOR^a (95% CI)

p

AOR^a (95% CI)

p

Any cigarette use, past 30 days

0.68 (0.23–1.98)

0.480

1.58 (0.72–3.43)

0.250

Marijuana use, past 30 days

1.52 (0.81–2.84)

0.195

2.14 (1.34–3.41)

0.001

Other illicit drug use, past 30 days

0.80 (0.30–2.12)

0.657

4.86 (2.34–10.10)

< 0.001

Alcohol use, past 2 weeks

0.86 (0.47–1.55)

0.613

1.15 (0.72–1.84)

0.565

Positive depression screen, PHQ-9

3.70 (2.07–6.62)

< 0.001

5.19 (3.22–8.37)

< 0.001

Positive anxiety screen, GAD-7

4.32 (2.32–8.04)

< 0.001

4.27 (2.67–6.84)

< 0.001

Positive eating disorder screen, SCOFF

7.02 (3.77–13.09)

< 0.001

6.38 (3.85–10.57)

< 0.001

Suicidal ideation, past 12 months

3.00 (1.43–6.26)

0.004

3.67 (2.24–6.00)

< 0.001

Any non-suicidal self-injury, past 12 months

3.09 (1.65–5.80)

< 0.001

2.99 (1.81–4.95)

< 0.001