The coexistence of psychiatric and gastrointestinal problems in children with restrictive eating in a nationwide Swedish twin study

Table 1 Prevalence and composite number of comorbid psychiatric and gastrointestinal problems in boys and girls with restrictive eating problems (REP) according to A-TAC (n = 95)

	REP (n = 95)	Boys with REP (n = 40)^a	Girls with REP (n = 55)^b	p of gender difference
ASD	22 (23.2%)	14 (35.0%)	8 (14.5%)	0.027
ADHD	34 (35.8%)	20 (50%)	14 (25.4%)	0.018
LD	34 (35.8%)	16 (40%)	18 (32.7%)	0.519
TD	10 (10.6%)	8 (20%)	2 (3.6%)	0.015
OCD	9 (9.5%)	7 (17.5%)	2 (3.6%)	0.033
ODD	14 (14.7%)	5 (12.5%)	9 (16.3%)	0.771
CD	15 (15.8%)	8 (20%)	7 (12.7%)	0.399
Composite^¤ (SD)	1.45 (1.78)	1.90 (2.0)	1.09 (1.54)	0.051
Celiac disease	2 (2.1%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (3.6%)	0.506
Lactose intolerance	12 (12.6%)	5 (12.5%)	7 (12.7%)	1.00
Food allergy	11 (11.6%)	5 (12.5%)	6 (10.9%)	1.00
Constipation	21 (22.1%)	5 (12.5%)	16 (29.1%)	0.079
Diarrhea	5 (5.3%)	3 (7.5%)	2 (3.6%)	0.646
Composite* (SD)	0.49 (0.73)	0.43 (0.69)	0.53 (0.76)	0.505

ASD autism spectrum disorder, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, LD learning disorder, TD tics disorder, OCD obsessive compulsive disorder, ODD oppositional defiant disorder, CD conduct disorder, A-TAC The Autism-Tics, AD/HD and other Comorbidities inventory
¤Composite: Mean number of assigned psychiatric diagnoses ASD, ADHD, LD, TD, OCD, ODD, CD
*Composite: Mean number of assigned gastrointestinal problems celiac disease, lactose intolerance, food allergy, constipation, diarrhea
^a n = 39 for composite measure of psychiatric problems because of missing information for a boy in TD; n = 37 for composite measure of somatic problems based on missing data for three boys in lactose intolerance, food allergy and diarrhea
^b n = 51 for composite measure of somatic problems based on missing information for four girls in celiac disease, lactose intolerance (2) and diarrhea

ISSN: 2050-2974