From: Pediatric hospital utilization for patients with avoidant restrictive food intake disorder
 | n (%) | p value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall (N = 1288; 22 hospitals) | Hospital ARFID Volume | ||||
Low (n = 132; 5 hospitals) | Medium (n = 676; 13 hospitals) | High (n = 480; 4 hospitals) | |||
Sociodemographic factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 13.9 (3.9) | 13.1 (3.7) | 13.7 (4.0) | 14.4 (3.6) |  < 0.001 |
Age category |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 3–7 years | 112 (8.7%) | 11 (8.3%) | 73 (10.8%) | 28 (5.8%) | |
 8–11 years | 259 (20.1%) | 40 (30.3%) | 123 (18.2%) | 96 (20.0%) | |
 12–17 years | 781 (60.6%) | 78 (59.1%) | 417 (61.7%) | 286 (59.6%) | |
 18 + years | 136 (10.6%) | 3 (2.3%) | 63 (9.3%) | 70 (14.6%) | |
Female sex | 903 (70.1%) | 100 (75.8%) | 474 (70.1%) | 329 (68.5%) | 0.276 |
Race and ethnicity |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 White, non-Hispanic | 886 (68.8%) | 80 (60.6%) | 486 (71.9%) | 320 (66.7%) | |
 Hispanic | 159 (12.3%) | 28 (21.2%) | 81 (12.0%) | 50 (10.4%) | |
 Black/African-American, non-Hispanic | 77 (6.0%) | 6 (4.6%) | 38 (5.6%) | 33 (6.9%) | |
 Asian or Pacific Islander | 41 (3.2%) | 3 (2.3%) | 25 (3.7%) | 13 (2.7%) | |
 Another race, non-Hispanic | 54 (4.2%) | 3 (2.3%) | 21 (3.1%) | 30 (6.3%) | |
 Multiple race, non-Hispanic | 24 (1.9%) | 3 (2.3%) | 7 (1.0%) | 14 (2.9%) | |
 Unknown | 47 (3.7%) | 9 (6.8%) | 18 (2.7%) | 20 (4.2%) | |
Insurance payor |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Private | 762 (59.2%) | 65 (49.2%) | 396 (58.6%) | 301 (62.7%) | |
 Public | 488 (37.9%) | 66 (50.0%) | 249 (36.8%) | 173 (36.0%) | |
 Other/Unknown | 38 (2.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | 31 (4.6%) | 6 (1.3%) | |
Median household income | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.029 |
 Less than $40,000 | 302 (23.5%) | 38 (28.8%) | 167 (24.7%) | 97 (20.2%) | |
 $40,000–$89,999 | 884 (68.6%) | 86 (65.2%) | 449 (66.4%) | 349 (72.7%) | |
 $90,000 or more | 80 (6.2%) | 8 (6.1%) | 42 (6.2%) | 30 (6.3%) | |
 Unknown | 22 (1.7%) | 0 (0%) | 18 (2.7%) | 4 (0.8%) | |
Co-morbid Diagnosesa | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Medical Diagnoses | 1045 (81.1%) | 107 (81.1%) | 530 (78.4%) | 408 (85.0%) | 0.019 |
Malnutrition | 969 (75.2%) | 104 (78.8%) | 475 (70.3%) | 390 (81.3%) |  < 0.001 |
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease | 185 (14.4%) | 13 (9.9%) | 111 (16.4%) | 61 (12.7%) | 0.061 |
Food allergy | 107 (8.3%) | 6 (4.6%) | 56 (8.3%) | 45 (9.4%) | 0.205 |
Eosinophilic esophagitis | 36 (2.8%) | 0 (0%) | 25 (3.7%) | 11 (2.3%) | 0.043 |
Celiac disease | 27 (2.1%) | 1 (0.8%) | 13 (1.9%) | 13 (2.7%) | 0.345 |
Inflammatory bowel disease | 8 (0.6%) | 1 (0.8%) | 5 (0.7%) | 2 (0.4%) | 0.772 |
Psychiatric Diagnoses | 1053 (81.8%) | 107 (81.1%) | 554 (82.0%) | 392 (81.7%) | 0.969 |
Any anxiety disorder | 947 (73.5%) | 94 (71.2%) | 503 (74.4%) | 350 (72.9%) | 0.696 |
 Generalized anxiety disorder | 346 (26.9%) | 29 (22.0%) | 195 (28.9%) | 122 (25.4%) | 0.176 |
 Obsessive–compulsive disorder | 130 (10.1%) | 10 (7.6%) | 81 (12.0%) | 39 (8.1%) | 0.060 |
 Phobic anxiety disorder | 129 (10.0%) | 6 (4.6%) | 58 (8.6%) | 65 (13.5%) | 0.002 |
 Adjustment disorder | 121 (9.4%) | 19 (14.4%) | 70 (10.4%) | 32 (6.7%) | 0.012 |
 Panic disorder | 86 (6.7%) | 8 (6.1%) | 49 (7.3%) | 29 (6.0%) | 0.689 |
 Other anxiety disorder | 540 (41.9%) | 53 (40.2%) | 265 (39.2%) | 222 (46.3%) | 0.052 |
Depressive disorder | 415 (32.2%) | 49 (37.1%) | 227 (33.6%) | 139 (29.0%) | 0.113 |
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | 173 (13.4%) | 16 (12.1%) | 72 (10.7%) | 85 (17.7%) | 0.002 |
Autism spectrum disorder | 113 (8.8%) | 9 (6.8%) | 58 (8.6%) | 46 (9.6%) | 0.590 |