Table 2 Distribution of risk factors for across the mild/moderate, the severe and the extreme severe AN DSM-5/BMI severity groups, and high and low drive for thinness groups results using multinominal logistic regression, with non-ED sisters as the reference group

Individual vulnerability domain

Subdomain 1 (childhood characteristic)

Negative self-evaluation

0.58 [0.26; 1.35]

0.455

1.15 [0.55; 2.44]

0.885

1.10 [0.59; 2.04]

0.62 [0.31; 1.22]

0.415

1.69 [0.84; 3.45]

Perfectionism

6.67 [2.33; 20.00]

0.006

3.13 [1.20; 8.33]

0.003

10.00 [4.55; 20.00]

8.26 [3.57; 19.23]

 < 0.001

6.67 [2.86; 14.29]

Shyness

1.96 [0.83; 4.76]

0.372

1.15 [0.53; 2.50]

0.906

0.91 [0.47; 1.79]

0.90 [0.43; 1.87]

0.894

1.39 [0.69; 2.86]

Extreme compliance

1.05 [0.42; 2.63]

0.952

1.89 [0.87; 4.00]

0.366

1.52 [0.79; 2.86]

1.27 [0.62; 2.60]

0.771

1.75 [0.87; 3.57]

No close friends

0.42 [0.13; 1.37]

0.407

1.01 [0.43; 2.38]

0.978

0.46 [0.21; 1.02]

1.03 [0.46; 2.32]

0.951

0.38 [0.15; 0.93]

No opposite gender friends

0.43 [0.15; 1.25]

0.365

0.55 [0.23; 1.30]

0.416

1.10 [0.55; 2.17]

0.67 [0.30; 1.49]

0.610

0.78 [0.36; 1.69]

School absence through anxiety

–

–

0.11 [0.01; 0.88]

0.178

0.14 [0.03; 0.66]

–

–

0.27 [0.07; 1.00]

Subdomain 2 (premorbid psychiatric disorder)

Major depression

1.89 [0.75; 4.76]

0.419

2.94 [1.35; 6.67]

0.051

2.00 [1.05; 3.85]

2.04 [0.97; 4.17]

0.232

2.50 [1.22; 5.00]

Anxiety disorders

1.23 [0.51; 3.03]

0.839

2.04 [0.96; 4.35]

0.239

1.47 [0.80; 2.63]

1.19 [0.60; 2.38]

0.827

1.96 [1.01; 3.85]

Substance abuse

0.65 [0.07; 6.25]

0.889

0.48 [0.55; 4.55]

0.774

1.23 [0.31; 5.00]

0.74 [0.07; 7.14]

0.883

3.33 [0.75; 14.29]

Soft drug abuse

3.57 [1.43; 9.09]

0.057

2.13 [0.85; 5.26]

0.368

1.23 [0.55; 2.78]

0.88 [0.34; 2.27]

0.884

2.13 [0.94; 4.76]

Subdomain 3 (behavioral problems)

Marked conduct problem

1.11 [0.80; 100]

0.263

2.94 [0.15; 50.00]

0.734

1.59 [0.09; 25.00]

–

–

5.56 [0.49; 50.00]

School absence (truancy)

0.72 [0.10; 5.26]

0.889

1.41 [0.32; 6.25]

0.846

1.23 [0.38; 4.00]

0.64 [0.13; 3.13]

0.813

1.67 [0.51; 5.56]

Deliberate self-harm

7.14 [1.75; 25.00]

0.053

5.56 [1.39; 20.00]

0.097

4.17 [1.22; 14.29]

4.17 [0.97; 16.67]

0.233

8.33 [2.08; 33.33]

Subdomain 4 (physical health)

Severe personal health problems

2.22 [0.83; 5.88]

0.363

1.37 [0.51; 3.57]

0.781

1.33 [0.62; 2.94]

1.56 [0.68; 3.70]

0.558

2.00 [0.85; 4.55]

Childhood obesity

25.00 [7.14; 100.00]

 < 0.001

20.00 [5.88; 100.00]

 < 0.001

16.67 [4.76; 50.00]

25.00 [5.26; 100.00]

0.001

33.33 [7.69; 100.00]

Subdomain 5 (parental psychiatric disorder)

Parental depression

1.14 [0.40; 3.23]

0.877

0.68 [0.23; 2.00]

0.733

1.38 [0.68; 2.78]

1.82 [0.83; 4.00]

0.377

0.82 [0.34; 2.00]

Parental anxiety

0.56 [0.06; 4.76]

0.811

2.38 [0.65; 8.33]

0.435

2.08 [0.75; 5.88]

0.82 [0.20; 3.45]

0.891

2.33 [0.70; 7.69]

Parental drug abuse

1.69 [0.55; 5.26]

0.635

0.75 [0.20; 2.86]

0.853

1.03 [0.43; 2.50]

0.71 [0.25; 2.00]

0.775

1.23 [0.47; 3.23]

Environmental Risk Domain

Subdomain 1 (parental problem)

Distress due to low parental contact

0.76 [0.15; 3.85]

0.892

1.18 [0.35; 3.85]

0.886

1.82 [0.72; 4.55]

0.65 [0.19; 2.27]

0.749

1.55 [0.58; 4.15]

Distress due to separation from parents

0.84 [0.16; 4.55]

0.890

0.59 [0.11; 3.23]

0.782

0.43 [0.12; 1.56]

0.35 [0.07; 1.81]

0.442

0.57 [0.14; 2.36]

Distress due to parental arguments

2.13 [0.92; 5.00]

0.284

0.99 [0.44; 2.22]

0.984

2.63 [1.47; 4.76]

3.31 [1.70; 6.45]

0.006

1.08 [0.55; 2.12]

Parental criticisms

1.54 [0.55; 4.35]

0.682

1.03 [0.38; 2.78]

0.968

1.45 [0.69; 3.03]

1.11 [0.47; 2.60]

0.887

1.56 [0.69; 3.56]

Parental high expectation

1.39 [0.59; 3.23]

0.724

0.74 [0.33; 1.64]

0.726

1.53 [0.85; 2.78]

1.89 [0.97 3.70]

0.239

0.92 [0.46; 1.82]

Parental over-involvement

0.88 [0.33; 2.38]

0.880

1.18 [0.46; 3.03]

0.902

0.84 [0.41; 1.72]

0.74 [0.32; 1.70]

0.731

1.21 [0.56; 2.63]

Parental neglect

0.31 [0.03; 2.86]

0.564

4.35 [1.37; 14.29]

0.092

0.56 [0.17; 1.92]

0.69 [0.18; 2.60]

0.813

1.77 [0.63; 5.00]

Parental affection

0.75 [0.29; 1.96]

0.790

1.39 [0.58; 3.33]

0.719

0.70 [0.35; 1.37]

0.76 [0.36; 1.62]

0.479

1.32 [0.63; 2.75]

Subdomain 2 (disruptive events)

Distress due to parental death

3.33 [0.51; 20.00]

0.451

2.00 [0.30; 12.50]

0.733

1.27 [0.20; 7.69]

0.73 [0.07; 7.41]

0.889

3.68 [0.81; 16.67]

Distress due to parental chronic illness

1.20 [0.35; 4.00]

0.894

2.13 [0,81; 5.56]

0.375

0.95 [0.38; 2.44]

1.17 [0.44; 3.11]

0.892

1.51 [0.60; 3.77]

Distress due to frequent house moves

2.00 [0.37; 11.11]

0.691

3.13 [0.78; 12.50]

0.364

3.33 [1.04; 10.00]

2.47 [0.68; 8.93]

0.422

2.29 [0.62; 8.47]

Subdomain 3 (teasing and bullying)

Teasing (not concerning weight, shape, eating or appearance)

0.84 [0.23; 3.06]

0.894

1.37 [0.50; 3.75]

0.779

2.29 [1.12; 4.67]

1.27 [0.53; 3.04]

0.815

1.88 [0.83; 4.27]

Bullying

0.24 [0.05; 1.04]

0.237

0.27 [0.08; 0.92]

0.181

0.38 [0.17; 0.85]

0.35 [0.14; 0.89]

0.147

0.22 [0.07; 0.66]

Subdomain 4 (sexual and physical abuse)

Sexual abuse

1.31 [0.53; 3.25]

0.795

2.39 [1.13; 5.08]

0.130

1.34 [0.72; 2.51]

1.41 [0.70; 2.82]

0.618

1.36 [0.68; 2.72]

Physical abuse

0.57 [0.18; 1.79]

0.614

1.22 [0.53; 2.82]

0.842

0.92 [0.46; 1.84]

0.72 [0.32; 1.63]

0.707

1.35 [0.65; 2.79]

Dieting Vulnerability Domain

Subdomain 1 (dieting risk)

Influenced by parent eating disorders

1.63 [0.27; 9.71]

0.810

1.35 [0.24; 7.69]

0.890

0.30 [0.03; 2.81]

1.13 [0.23; 5.46]

0.924

0.84 [0.15; 4.69]

Family member dieting for shape and weight

1.96 [0.76; 5.03]

0.419

1.05 [0.43; 2.58]

0.953

0.89 [0.42; 1.87]

0.91 [0.40; 2.07]

0.873

1.15 [0.53; 2.50]

Critical comments by family about weight, shape or eating

1.05 [0.45; 2.46]

0.947

1.77 [0.84; 3.76]

0.373

1.19 [0.65; 2.15]

1.16 [0.59; 2.27]

0.857

1.35 [0.70; 2.62]

Repeated comments by others about shape and weight

0.75 [0.24; 2.33]

0.832

1.74 [0.73; 4.17]

0.446

1.56 [0.76; 3.19]

1.18 [0.51; 2.74]

0.886

1.61 [0.73; 3.53]

Teasing about shape, weight, or appearance

4.50 [1.86; 10.99]

0.010

3.40 [1.48; 7.81]

0.038

3.86 [1.95; 7.63]

4.93 [2.40; 10.10]

 < 0.001

3.61 [1.75; 7.46]

Dieting at school common

2.48 [0.76; 8.06]

0.379

2.20 [0.73; 6.58]

0.416

2.04 [0.83; 5.03]

2.23 [0.83; 5.95]

0.367

1.82 [0.66; 5.05]

Subdomain 2 (pudicity domain)

Preparation for menarche

0.45 [0.14; 1.43]

0.421

0.86 [0.36; 2.04]

0.895

0.64 [0.31; 1.33]

0.96 [0.43; 2.15]

0.950

0.57 [0.24; 1.37]

Menarche mainly unpleasant

2.86 [0.96; 8.33]

0.236

2.04 [0.74; 5.88]

0.416

3.03 [1.32; 6.67]

3.32 [1.22; 9.01]

0.110

4.90 [1.96; 12.35]

Scared by early breast development

0.29 [0.09; 0.93]

0.182

0.56 [0.23; 1.35]

0.449

0.41 [0.19; 0.85]

0.30 [0.13; 0.73]

0.061

0.39 [0.17; 0.89]

Teasing about breast as early age

0.32 [0.10; 1.09]

0.254

0.51 [0.19; 1.32]

0.417

0.22 [0.09; 0.57]

–

–

0.40 [0.15; 1.01]

Breast as source of embarrassment

7.14 [2.78; 16.67]

0.001

5.00 [2.08; 11.11]

0.004

4.35 [2.13; 9.09]

3.39 [1.48; 7.75]

0.037

5.41 [2.48; 11.76]