Skip to main content

Table 3 Multivariable regression models assessing the associations of overeating behavior in early adolescence, further categorized as binge eating behavior (overeating with loss of control (LOC) and overeating behavior without LOC),†† with cardiometabolic outcomes in late adolescence among adolescents in the Project Viva cohort

From: Adolescent overeating and binge eating behavior in relation to subsequent cardiometabolic risk outcomes: a prospective cohort study

Late adolescent outcomes

3-category exposure

Effect estimates of binge eating behavior and overeating behavior without LOC on cardiometabolic outcomes in late adolescence

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

  

β (95% CI)

   

 BMI, kg/m2

Binge eating behavior

3.50 (1.35, 5.65)

2.93 (0.82, 5.04)

2.46 (0.53, 4.39)

0.88 (− 0.56, 2.33)

Overeating behavior without LOC

1.98 (0.15, 3.80)

1.42 (− 0.39, 3.24)

1.19 (− 0.48, 2.85)

0.15 (− 1.09, 1.39)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 BMI z-score, units

Binge eating behavior

0.58 (0.15, 1.01)

0.48 (0.06, 0.91)

0.39 (− 0.01, 0.79)

0.03 (− 0.24, 0.30)

Overeating behavior without LOC

0.37 (0.01, 0.73)

0.33 (− 0.03, 0.70)

0.30 (− 0.04, 0.65)

0.07 (− 0.17, 0.30)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 Waist circumference, cm

Binge eating behavior

7.94 (2.62, 13.26)

7.30 (2.05, 12.54)

6.22 (1.34, 11.11)

2.67 (− 1.27, 6.61)

Overeating behavior without LOC

1.93 (− 2.58, 6.43)

2.10 (− 2.42, 6.61)

1.59 (− 2.62, 5.80)

 − 0.75 (− 4.13, 2.64)

No binge eating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 Percent fat by BIA

Binge eating behavior

4.87 (0.53, 9.22)

3.72 (0.32, 7.12)

3.11 (− 0.08, 6.31)

0.69 (− 1.82, 3.20)

Overeating behavior without LOC

6.48 (2.80, 10.17)

2.77 (− 0.16, 5.70)

2.42 (− 0.33, 5.18)

0.82 (− 1.34, 2.98)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 Percent fat by DXA

Binge eating behavior

6.31 (2.05, 10.57)

5.79 (2.37, 9.22)

5.00 (1.74, 8.25)

3.47 (0.73, 6.21)

Overeating behavior without LOC

5.07 (1.04, 9.09)

2.95 (− 0.29, 6.19)

3.19 (0.13, 6.25)

2.50 (− 0.07, 5.07)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 Systolic BP, mmHg

Binge eating behavior

0.52 (− 3.53, 4.57)

1.23 (− 2.29, 4.76)

1.14 (− 2.37, 4.66)

0.46 (− 3.03, 3.95)

Overeating behavior without LOC

 − 3.34 (− 6.83, 0.14)

 − 1.23 (− 4.31, 1.85)

 − 1.21 (− 4.28, 1.86)

 − 1.67 (− 4.71, 1.37)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 Diastolic BP, mmHg

Binge eating behavior

2.01 (− 1.11, 5.12)

2.11 (− 0.99, 5.22)

2.00 (− 1.10, 5.09)

1.47 (− 1.61, 4.55)

Overeating behavior without LOC

0.18 (− 2.50, 2.85)

 − 0.61 (− 3.32, 2.10)

 − 0.64 (− 3.35, 2.06)

 − 1.00 (− 3.68, 1.68)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 

Log-transformed outcomes

 ALT, U/L

Binge eating behavior

0.14 (− 0.09, 0.36)

0.15 (− 0.07, 0.37)

0.14 (− 0.09, 0.36)

0.13 (− 0.09, 0.35)

Overeating behavior without LOC

0.03 (− 0.21, 0.26)

0.07 (− 0.16, 0.30)

0.07 (− 0.16, 0.31)

0.05 (− 0.18, 0.28)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 Total cholesterol, mg/dL

Binge eating behavior

0.08 (− 0.03, 0.19)

0.07 (− 0.04, 0.18)

0.09 (− 0.02, 0.20)

0.09 (− 0.03, 0.20)

Overeating behavior without LOC

0.02 (− 0.10, 0.13)

 − 0.01 (− 0.13, 0.11)

 − 0.01 (− 0.13, 0.11)

 − 0.02 (− 0.14, 0.10)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 HDL, mg/dL

Binge eating behavior

 − 0.01 (− 0.15, 0.12)

 − 0.03 (− 0.15, 0.10)

 − 0.01 (− 0.13, 0.12)

0.00 (− 0.12, 0.12)

Overeating behavior without LOC

0.02 (− 0.12, 0.16)

 − 0.02 (− 0.16, 0.12)

 − 0.03 (− 0.16, 0.10)

 − 0.01 (− 0.14, 0.12)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 Triglycerides, mg/dL

Binge eating behavior

0.06 (− 0.17, 0.29)

0.09 (− 0.14, 0.33)

0.09 (− 0.14, 0.33)

0.09 (− 0.15, 0.32)

Overeating behavior without LOC

 − 0.02 (− 0.26, 0.21)

0.00 (− 0.24, 0.24)

0.01 (− 0.23, 0.24)

 − 0.01 (− 0.24, 0.23)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 IL-6, pg/mL

Binge eating behavior

0.63 (0.24, 1.03)

0.60 (0.20, 0.99)

0.54 (0.14, 0.95)

0.53 (0.13, 0.93)

Overeating behavior without LOC

0.43 (0.02, 0.85)

0.33 (− 0.09, 0.75)

0.33 (− 0.09, 0.76)

0.30 (− 0.12, 0.73)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 hsCRP, mg/L

Binge eating behavior

0.69 (− 0.18, 1.56)

0.58 (− 0.30, 1.46)

0.30 (− 0.57, 1.18)

0.25 (− 0.60, 1.10)

Overeating behavior without LOC

1.24 (0.33, 2.14)

1.02 (0.08, 1.96)

1.06 (0.15, 1.98)

0.93 (0.04, 1.83)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 Insulin, uU/ml

Binge eating behavior

0.36 (0.02, 0.69)

0.31 (− 0.02, 0.65)

0.24 (− 0.09, 0.57)

0.23 (− 0.09, 0.55)

Overeating behavior without LOC

0.09 (− 0.24, 0.42)

 − 0.02 (− 0.36, 0.33)

 − 0.01 (− 0.35, 0.33)

 − 0.06 (− 0.39, 0.27)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 Glucose, mg/dL

Binge eating behavior

0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07)

0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07)

0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07)

0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07)

Overeating behavior without LOC

0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04)

0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04)

0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04)

0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 HOMA-IR, units

Binge eating behavior

0.49 (0.13, 0.84)

0.44 (0.08, 0.80)

0.34 (− 0.01, 0.70)

0.32 (− 0.03, 0.66)

Overeating behavior without LOC

0.13 (− 0.21, 0.47)

0.02 (− 0.33, 0.37)

0.04 (− 0.31, 0.38)

 − 0.03 (− 0.36, 0.31)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 HbA1c, percent

Binge eating behavior

0.03 (0.00, 0.07)

0.03 (− 0.01, 0.06)

0.03 (0.00, 0.07)

0.03 (0.00, 0.07)

Overeating behavior without LOC

0.02 (− 0.02, 0.06)

0.01 (− 0.03, 0.05)

0.01 (− 0.03, 0.05)

0.01 (− 0.03, 0.05)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 Leptin, ng/mL

Binge eating behavior

0.78 (0.04, 1.51)

0.59 (0.03, 1.15)

0.42 (− 0.13, 0.97)

0.34 (− 0.13, 0.81)

Overeating behavior without LOC

0.39 (− 0.41, 1.19)

 − 0.03 (− 0.65, 0.60)

0.11 (− 0.50, 0.71)

 − 0.09 (− 0.61, 0.43)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

 Adiponectin, ug/mL

Binge eating behavior

 − 0.44 (− 0.72, − 0.16)

 − 0.43 (− 0.69, − 0.17)

 − 0.41 (− 0.68, − 0.15)

 − 0.40 (− 0.66, − 0.14)

Overeating behavior without LOC

 − 0.15 (− 0.43, 0.14)

 − 0.16 (− 0.43, 0.12)

 − 0.17 (− 0.44, 0.11)

 − 0.14 (− 0.41, 0.14)

No overeating behavior

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

0.0 (ref)

  1. Model 1. Unadjusted
  2. Model 2. Model 1 + adjustment for participant factors (sex, race/ethnicity, age at late adolescent visit)
  3. Model 3. Model 2 + maternal factors (education, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoked during pregnancy, and excessive GWG)
  4. Model 4. Model 3 + participant BMI z-score at early adolescent visit
  5. LOC loss of control, BMI body mass index, BIA bioelectrical impedance analysis, DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, BP blood pressure, ALT alanine aminotransferase, HDL high-density lipoprotein, IL-6 interleukin-6, hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, GWG gestational weight gain
  6. Binge eating behavior defined as a “yes” answer to: “In the past 12 months, have you ever eaten so much food in a short period of time that you would be embarrassed if others saw you?” AND “yes” to: “During the times when you ate this way, did you feel you couldn't stop eating or control what or how much you were eating?”
  7. ††Overeating behavior without LOC defined as “no” response to the second question
  8. Bold text identifies those values for which the 95% CI does not include 0.0