Late adolescent outcomes | 3-category exposure | Effect estimates of binge eating behavior and overeating behavior without LOC on cardiometabolic outcomes in late adolescence | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||
β (95% CI) | |||||
BMI, kg/m2 | Binge eating behavior | 3.50 (1.35, 5.65) | 2.93 (0.82, 5.04) | 2.46 (0.53, 4.39) | 0.88 (− 0.56, 2.33) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 1.98 (0.15, 3.80) | 1.42 (− 0.39, 3.24) | 1.19 (− 0.48, 2.85) | 0.15 (− 1.09, 1.39) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
BMI z-score, units | Binge eating behavior | 0.58 (0.15, 1.01) | 0.48 (0.06, 0.91) | 0.39 (− 0.01, 0.79) | 0.03 (− 0.24, 0.30) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 0.37 (0.01, 0.73) | 0.33 (− 0.03, 0.70) | 0.30 (− 0.04, 0.65) | 0.07 (− 0.17, 0.30) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Waist circumference, cm | Binge eating behavior | 7.94 (2.62, 13.26) | 7.30 (2.05, 12.54) | 6.22 (1.34, 11.11) | 2.67 (− 1.27, 6.61) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 1.93 (− 2.58, 6.43) | 2.10 (− 2.42, 6.61) | 1.59 (− 2.62, 5.80) | − 0.75 (− 4.13, 2.64) | |
No binge eating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Percent fat by BIA | Binge eating behavior | 4.87 (0.53, 9.22) | 3.72 (0.32, 7.12) | 3.11 (− 0.08, 6.31) | 0.69 (− 1.82, 3.20) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 6.48 (2.80, 10.17) | 2.77 (− 0.16, 5.70) | 2.42 (− 0.33, 5.18) | 0.82 (− 1.34, 2.98) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Percent fat by DXA | Binge eating behavior | 6.31 (2.05, 10.57) | 5.79 (2.37, 9.22) | 5.00 (1.74, 8.25) | 3.47 (0.73, 6.21) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 5.07 (1.04, 9.09) | 2.95 (− 0.29, 6.19) | 3.19 (0.13, 6.25) | 2.50 (− 0.07, 5.07) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Systolic BP, mmHg | Binge eating behavior | 0.52 (− 3.53, 4.57) | 1.23 (− 2.29, 4.76) | 1.14 (− 2.37, 4.66) | 0.46 (− 3.03, 3.95) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | − 3.34 (− 6.83, 0.14) | − 1.23 (− 4.31, 1.85) | − 1.21 (− 4.28, 1.86) | − 1.67 (− 4.71, 1.37) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | Binge eating behavior | 2.01 (− 1.11, 5.12) | 2.11 (− 0.99, 5.22) | 2.00 (− 1.10, 5.09) | 1.47 (− 1.61, 4.55) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 0.18 (− 2.50, 2.85) | − 0.61 (− 3.32, 2.10) | − 0.64 (− 3.35, 2.06) | − 1.00 (− 3.68, 1.68) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Log-transformed outcomes | |||||
ALT, U/L | Binge eating behavior | 0.14 (− 0.09, 0.36) | 0.15 (− 0.07, 0.37) | 0.14 (− 0.09, 0.36) | 0.13 (− 0.09, 0.35) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 0.03 (− 0.21, 0.26) | 0.07 (− 0.16, 0.30) | 0.07 (− 0.16, 0.31) | 0.05 (− 0.18, 0.28) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | Binge eating behavior | 0.08 (− 0.03, 0.19) | 0.07 (− 0.04, 0.18) | 0.09 (− 0.02, 0.20) | 0.09 (− 0.03, 0.20) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 0.02 (− 0.10, 0.13) | − 0.01 (− 0.13, 0.11) | − 0.01 (− 0.13, 0.11) | − 0.02 (− 0.14, 0.10) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
HDL, mg/dL | Binge eating behavior | − 0.01 (− 0.15, 0.12) | − 0.03 (− 0.15, 0.10) | − 0.01 (− 0.13, 0.12) | 0.00 (− 0.12, 0.12) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 0.02 (− 0.12, 0.16) | − 0.02 (− 0.16, 0.12) | − 0.03 (− 0.16, 0.10) | − 0.01 (− 0.14, 0.12) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | Binge eating behavior | 0.06 (− 0.17, 0.29) | 0.09 (− 0.14, 0.33) | 0.09 (− 0.14, 0.33) | 0.09 (− 0.15, 0.32) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | − 0.02 (− 0.26, 0.21) | 0.00 (− 0.24, 0.24) | 0.01 (− 0.23, 0.24) | − 0.01 (− 0.24, 0.23) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
IL-6, pg/mL | Binge eating behavior | 0.63 (0.24, 1.03) | 0.60 (0.20, 0.99) | 0.54 (0.14, 0.95) | 0.53 (0.13, 0.93) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 0.43 (0.02, 0.85) | 0.33 (− 0.09, 0.75) | 0.33 (− 0.09, 0.76) | 0.30 (− 0.12, 0.73) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
hsCRP, mg/L | Binge eating behavior | 0.69 (− 0.18, 1.56) | 0.58 (− 0.30, 1.46) | 0.30 (− 0.57, 1.18) | 0.25 (− 0.60, 1.10) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 1.24 (0.33, 2.14) | 1.02 (0.08, 1.96) | 1.06 (0.15, 1.98) | 0.93 (0.04, 1.83) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Insulin, uU/ml | Binge eating behavior | 0.36 (0.02, 0.69) | 0.31 (− 0.02, 0.65) | 0.24 (− 0.09, 0.57) | 0.23 (− 0.09, 0.55) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 0.09 (− 0.24, 0.42) | − 0.02 (− 0.36, 0.33) | − 0.01 (− 0.35, 0.33) | − 0.06 (− 0.39, 0.27) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Glucose, mg/dL | Binge eating behavior | 0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07) | 0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07) | 0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07) | 0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04) | 0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04) | 0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04) | 0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
HOMA-IR, units | Binge eating behavior | 0.49 (0.13, 0.84) | 0.44 (0.08, 0.80) | 0.34 (− 0.01, 0.70) | 0.32 (− 0.03, 0.66) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 0.13 (− 0.21, 0.47) | 0.02 (− 0.33, 0.37) | 0.04 (− 0.31, 0.38) | − 0.03 (− 0.36, 0.31) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
HbA1c, percent | Binge eating behavior | 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) | 0.03 (− 0.01, 0.06) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 0.02 (− 0.02, 0.06) | 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.05) | 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.05) | 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.05) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Leptin, ng/mL | Binge eating behavior | 0.78 (0.04, 1.51) | 0.59 (0.03, 1.15) | 0.42 (− 0.13, 0.97) | 0.34 (− 0.13, 0.81) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | 0.39 (− 0.41, 1.19) | − 0.03 (− 0.65, 0.60) | 0.11 (− 0.50, 0.71) | − 0.09 (− 0.61, 0.43) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | |
Adiponectin, ug/mL | Binge eating behavior | − 0.44 (− 0.72, − 0.16) | − 0.43 (− 0.69, − 0.17) | − 0.41 (− 0.68, − 0.15) | − 0.40 (− 0.66, − 0.14) |
Overeating behavior without LOC | − 0.15 (− 0.43, 0.14) | − 0.16 (− 0.43, 0.12) | − 0.17 (− 0.44, 0.11) | − 0.14 (− 0.41, 0.14) | |
No overeating behavior | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.0 (ref) |