Table 2 Cardiometabolic outcomes measured in late adolescence according to overeating behavior in early adolescence†, and multivariable regression models assessing the associations of overeating exposure with cardiometabolic outcomes in late adolescence
Late adolescent outcomes | N | Overeating behavior† | Effect estimates of overeating behavior on cardiometabolic outcomes in late adolescence | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, n = 58 (9%) | No, n = 561 (91%) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||
Mean (SD) | β (95% CI) | ||||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 619 | 26.4 (6.8) | 23.8 (5.1) | 2.61 (1.18, 4.03) | 2.06 (0.64, 3.47) | 1.72 (0.43, 3.02) | 0.46 (− 0.51, 1.43) |
BMI z-score, units | 619 | 0.82 (0.95) | 0.36 (1.06) | 0.46 (0.17, 0.74) | 0.40 (0.11, 0.68) | 0.34 (0.07, 0.61) | 0.05 (− 0.13, 0.23) |
Waist circumference, cm | 618 | 85.7 (15.8) | 81.3 (12.7) | 4.42 (0.89, 7.94) | 4.28 (0.76, 7.81) | 3.54 (0.26, 6.82) | 0.69 (− 1.96, 3.34) |
Percent fat by BIA | 616 | 26.8 (11.5) | 21.0 (10.5) | 5.82 (2.94, 8.69) | 3.17 (0.89, 5.45) | 2.71 (0.57, 4.86) | 0.76 (− 0.92, 2.45) |
Percent fat by DXA | 428 | 33.3 (9.9) | 27.7 (8.4) | 5.65 (2.67, 8.63) | 4.29 (1.87, 6.71) | 4.03 (1.76, 6.31) | 2.95 (1.03, 4.87) |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 615 | 109.4 (9.6) | 111.1 (9.9) | − 1.72 (− 4.42, 0.99) | –0.17 (− 2.56, 2.21) | − 0.20 (− 2.58, 2.17) | − 0.76 (− 3.13, 1.60) |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 615 | 65.4 (7.2) | 64.5 (7.6) | 0.95 (− 1.13, 3.02) | 0.56 (− 1.54, 2.66) | 0.49 (− 1.61, 2.58) | 0.05 (− 2.04, 2.14) |
Median (IQR) | Log-transformed outcomes | ||||||
ALT, U/L | 286 | 17.0 (8.0) | 15.0 (6.0) | 0.08 (− 0.08, 0.25) | 0.11 (− 0.05, 0.28) | 0.11 (− 0.06, 0.27) | 0.09 (− 0.08, 0.25) |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 286 | 164.0 (43.0) | 147.0 (42.0) | 0.05 (− 0.03, 0.13) | 0.03 (− 0.05, 0.12) | 0.04 (− 0.04, 0.12) | 0.04 (− 0.05, 0.12) |
HDL, mg/dL | 286 | 53.0 (19.0) | 54.0 (15.0) | 0.00 (− 0.10, 0.10) | − 0.02 (− 0.12, 0.07) | − 0.02 (− 0.11, 0.08) | − 0.01 (− 0.10, 0.09) |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 285 | 66.8 (32.3) | 60.0 (33.4) | 0.02 (− 0.15, 0.18) | 0.05 (− 0.13, 0.22) | 0.05 (− 0.12, 0.22) | 0.04 (− 0.13, 0.21) |
IL-6, pg/mL | 285 | 1.6 (2.5) | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.54 (0.25, 0.83) | 0.47 (0.17, 0.77) | 0.44 (0.14, 0.75) | 0.42 (0.12, 0.73) |
hsCRP, mg/L | 285 | 0.7 (8.2) | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.95 (0.31, 1.59) | 0.79 (0.13, 1.45) | 0.66 (0.01, 1.32) | 0.57 (− 0.07, 1.21) |
Insulin, uU/ml | 283 | 10.4 (11.6) | 9.6 (7.6) | 0.22 (− 0.02, 0.47) | 0.15 (− 0.09, 0.40) | 0.12 (− 0.13, 0.36) | 0.09 (− 0.15, 0.32) |
Glucose, mg/dL | 424 | 85.5 (9.0) | 84.0 (8.0) | 0.02 (− 0.01, 0.04) | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.04) | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.04) | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.04) |
HOMA-IR, units | 270 | 2.1 (2.2) | 1.9 (1.5) | 0.30 (0.05, 0.55) | 0.23 (− 0.03, 0.49) | 0.18 (− 0.07, 0.44) | 0.14 (− 0.11, 0.39) |
HbA1c, percent | 288 | 5.2 (0.4) | 5.1 (0.4) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.05) | 0.02 (− 0.01, 0.04) | 0.02 (− 0.01, 0.05) | 0.02 (− 0.01, 0.05) |
Leptin, ng/mL | 285 | 11.6 (29.1) | 8.8 (15.0) | 0.60 (0.05, 1.15) | 0.32 (− 0.11, 0.75) | 0.28 (− 0.14, 0.70) | 0.15 (− 0.21, 0.51) |
Adiponectin, ug/mL | 286 | 4.7 (3.3) | 7.2 (4.6) | − 0.30 (− 0.50, − 0.10) | − 0.30 (− 0.50, − 0.11) | − 0.30 (− 0.49, − 0.10) | − 0.28 (− 0.47, − 0.08) |