Development and validation of the body image scale for youth (BISY)

Jalali-Farahani, Sara; Amiri, Parisa; Zarani, Fariba; Zayeri, Farid; Azizi, Fereidoun

doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00657-z

Journal of Eating Disorders

Table 2 Factor loadings of the body image scale for youth (BISY) items based on rotated factor matrix

From: Development and validation of the body image scale for youth (BISY)

Items	Factors
Items	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Emotions and behaviours
I have been humiliated or teased by others (family members, friends, teachers, and others in the community) because of my appearance and physical problems	0.523	0.245	− 0.036	0.094	0.044	0.134	− 0.015	0.161	0.129	− 0.226
I have been envious of seeing beautiful or well-built body individuals	0.575	0.108	0.156	0.042	0.376	− 0.009	0.050	0.086	0.088	0.194
I have felt ashamed because of my appearance	0.728	0.137	0.128	0.108	0.191	0.011	0.088	0.034	0.028	0.066
I have felt frustrated when others criticize my appearance	0.730	0.086	0.230	0.073	0.144	0.053	− 0.002	0.081	0.080	0.049
I have felt disgusted in some parts of my body	0.654	0.140	0.146	0.079	0.161	− 0.019	0.160	− 0.031	0.043	0.288
I have felt sad because of dissatisfaction with some of my appearance features	0.687	0.105	0.185	0.134	0.173	0.033	0.164	− 0.035	0.078	0.252
I have been afraid and worried that others will not accept me for my appearance	0.664	0.064	0.180	0.020	0.100	0.049	0.082	0.147	0.036	0.117
As far as I can remember, I have not done some activities I liked (buying clothes or attending extracurricular classes) because of derogatory remarks or criticism of others about my appearance	0.673	0.131	0.034	− 0.015	− 0.011	0.082	− 0.032	0.133	0.058	− 0.199
As far as I can remember, dissatisfaction with my body has been a barrier to my physical activities	0.570	0.254	− 0.052	− 0.057	0.006	0.007	− 0.067	0.044	0.045	− 0.244
As far as I can remember because I do not like some of my appearance features, I have looked less in the mirror	0.734	0.171	0.038	− 0.003	0.039	0.092	0.056	− 0.083	− 0.021	− 0.225
As far as I can remember, I have refused to attend certain gatherings because of some of my appearance features (body, or facial features)	0.771	0.104	0.018	− 0.004	− 0.036	0.082	0.062	0.066	− 0.006	− 0.171
As far as I can remember because I do not like some parts of my body, I have tried to wear clothes that make those parts less visible	0.693	0.059	0.087	0.075	0.089	− 0.040	0.047	− 0.066	0.035	0.204
As far as I can remember, I was not satisfied with my photos and I edited them	0.573	0.008	0.175	0.081	0.132	− 0.007	0.101	0.005	0.068	0.314
As far as I can remember when others criticize or blame me for my appearance, I have been angry or started a fight	0.672	0.025	− 0.034	− 0.053	0.030	0.099	0.107	0.104	− 0.020	− 0.187
As far as I can remember, to get my body fitted, I have harmed my body by extreme dieting or doing intense exercise	0.510	0.074	− 0.112	− 0.025	0.116	0.046	0.148	− 0.014	− 0.030	− 0.275
Body evaluation
Overall, I have a positive evaluation of my appearance	0.369	0.493	0.249	0.188	0.061	0.133	0.153	0.087	− 0.044	− 0.003
Overall, I have a positive assessment of my physical health	0.203	0.720	0.187	0.049	0.056	0.105	0.070	0.039	− 0.081	− 0.039
Overall, I have a positive evaluation of my physical ability	0.257	0.707	0.195	0.096	0.033	0.075	0.145	0.018	− 0.040	− 0.126
In general, I think my appearance looks good from the other's point of view	0.228	0.600	0.114	0.310	− 0.031	0.092	0.041	− 0.057	0.023	0.151
I think I have good physical health from the others’ point of view	0.105	0.804	− 0.049	0.156	0.027	0.109	0.055	− 0.109	− 0.008	0.099
I think I have good physical ability from the others’ point of view	0.177	0.782	0.033	0.121	− 0.010	0.032	0.055	− 0.116	− 0.023	0.068
Personal characteristics and strategies
I love myself, so I do not blame myself after hearing others criticize my appearance	0.302	0.231	0.541	0.163	0.116	0.059	0.149	0.062	0.022	0.106
Criticizing or praising my appearance by others does not affect my self-esteem	0.202	0.080	0.732	0.099	− 0.005	0.048	0.074	0.104	0.060	0.146
I have set goals for myself, so others' criticism of my appearance does not upset me, because I have more important goals that I think about more	0.249	0.068	0.693	0.167	− 0.012	0.122	0.302	0.170	− 0.004	0.107
When others criticize my appearance or give me a negative comment, I do not care about their comments	0.186	0.067	0.562	0.129	0.048	0.062	0.048	0.209	0.001	0.062
I do not allow others to judge or comment on my appearance	− 0.032	0.059	0.620	− 0.043	− 0.010	0.052	0.017	− 0.199	0.019	− 0.027
I do not mention my appearance flaws in front of others so that they are not allowed to comment	− 0.059	0.108	0.646	− 0.011	0.182	− 0.028	0.119	− 0.400	− 0.038	− 0.070
Appearance importance in the future
I believe that my facial features increase the chances of a proper marriage in the future	0.037	0.127	0.018	0.792	− 0.082	0.089	− 0.006	− 0.131	0.042	0.056
I believe that my body increases the chances of a proper marriage in the future	0.018	0.148	0.001	0.782	− 0.051	0.082	− 0.005	− 0.167	0.004	0.035
I believe that considering my appearance features, I have enough chance of getting hired in my favorite jobs	0.122	0.181	0.113	0.663	− 0.037	− 0.002	0.136	0.036	− 0.034	− 0.103
I believe that my appearance features increase the chances of my career success in the future	0.046	0.124	0.196	0.736	− 0.079	0.047	0.056	− 0.074	0.008	0.040
Social models
Celebrities on social networks set the beauty standard for me	0.161	0.046	− 0.058	− 0.024	0.661	0.012	0.193	0.105	0.040	− 0.218
I like to have faces or bodies like actors, singers, or costume models	0.196	0.024	0.038	0.006	0.712	− 0.026	0.080	0.206	0.025	0.079
I like to have a body like athletes	− 0.003	− 0.067	0.066	− 0.081	0.465	− 0.046	− 0.209	0.086	0.085	0.064
Social networks such as Instagram and Telegram affect my satisfaction with my body	0.213	0.070	0.045	− 0.098	0.703	− 0.021	0.065	0.056	0.073	− 0.082
The number of likes or comments I get from others on social media affects how I feel about my appearance	0.234	0.040	0.094	− 0.098	0.535	0.031	0.069	0.220	− 0.017	− 0.275
Perceived social support
When I'm sad about my appearance, my family members are not indifferent to my sadness and support me emotionally	0.177	0.126	0.080	0.094	0.026	0.751	0.035	− 0.111	− 0.006	0.150
My family helps me to modify my appearance defects (for example, weight loss) by taking the necessary measures	0.132	0.113	0.052	0.078	0.051	0.807	0.068	− 0.063	0.016	0.036
My family understands my frustration with my appearance problems	0.117	0.044	0.142	0.066	0.024	0.778	0.047	− 0.097	− 0.038	0.124
When I'm upset about my appearance or my body, my friends support me emotionally	− 0.056	0.095	− 0.030	− 0.002	− 0.172	0.589	0.136	0.141	− 0.024	− 0.061
Priority of health and spiritually
I do not desire to change my God-given appearance features because it was according to God's will	0.189	0.064	0.171	0.141	0.101	− 0.006	0.625	0.074	0.025	0.275
Having a good personality and good morals is more important than having a beautiful appearance	0.118	0.114	0.107	− 0.040	− 0.054	0.095	0.618	0.101	− 0.019	− 0.052
I will not perform any cosmetic manipulations or surgeries that endanger my health	0.090	0.058	0.000	0.124	0.182	0.065	0.709	0.076	0.046	0.135
In my opinion, healthy body parts are more important than physical beauty	0.078	0.087	0.153	− 0.012	− 0.015	0.104	0.702	− 0.071	− 0.045	− 0.133
Appearance importance in social interactions
I like to shine in any group of people and look better than everyone else	0.085	− 0.103	− 0.028	− 0.067	0.233	0.009	0.064	0.713	− 0.023	− 0.028
I try to improve my appearance so that others are more attracted to me and pay attention to me	0.094	− 0.001	0.038	− 0.201	0.293	− 0.061	0.098	0.669	0.012	− 0.013
My appearance is very important to me because in our society people pay a lot of attention to people's appearance	0.185	− 0.051	0.107	− 0.204	0.245	− 0.147	0.065	0.573	0.200	0.052
Perceived cultural values
In our society, people are first judged by their appearance	0.085	− 0.055	0.045	− 0.049	− 0.002	− 0.061	0.003	0.090	0.729	0.133
Our society's culture is such that it encourages people to use cosmetics and perform cosmetic surgeries	0.055	− 0.029	0.039	0.043	0.077	− 0.056	0.023	0.031	0.755	0.091
It is common in our society to tease and ridicule the appearance of people	0.097	− 0.024	− 0.036	0.025	0.112	0.078	− 0.042	− 0.032	0.781	− 0.026
Empowerment
I have access to a counselor or psychologist when I feel dissatisfied with my appearance	− 0.095	0.052	0.074	− 0.035	− 0.156	0.217	− 0.058	0.136	0.048	0.598
In addition to the core lessons, we are taught other skills at school, such as ways to boost self-confidence and how to deal with ridiculers	− 0.042	0.064	0.083	0.027	− 0.069	0.064	0.131	− 0.087	0.167	0.570
Explained variance	14.24	6.58	5.80	5.25	5.10	4.71	4.37	3.83	3.62	3.50

Bold values indicate the highest factor loadings of items for each factor (subscale of BISY)

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