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Table 1 Details of Included Studies (n = 52)

From: The prevalence of substance use disorders and substance use in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Year

Country

Type(s) of SUDs or substance use

Type(s) of AN

AN patients

N

Age (Mean ± SD)

% Female

Anzengruber et al.

2006

USA

Smoking (nicotine)

AN-R, AN-P, AN-B, ANBN

AN-R = 306,

AN-P = 186,

AN-B = 107, ANBN = 180

Initial sample (n = 897): 26.3 ± 8.3

100%

Blinder et al.

2006

USA

Alcohol, cannabis, polysubstance, other substance, amphetamine, sedative/hypnotic/anxiolytic, cocaine, hallucinogen, opioid, inhalant abuse/ dependencies

AN-R, AN-B

AN-R = 520, AN-B = 436

AN-R = 20.9 ± 9.1

AN-B = 23.8 ± 8.5

100%

Bodell et al.

2013

USA

SUD

AN

30

Total sample: 35 \(\pm\) 9

100%

Braun et al.

1994

USA

Alcohol/substance dependence

AN-R

34

24.8

100%

Bulik et al.

1992

USA

Licit and illicit substance use

AN

27

20.3 \(\pm\) 10.5

100%

Bulik et al

2008

USA

Psychoactive substance abuse and dependence

AN-R, AN-P, AN-B, ANBN

432

30.4 \(\pm\) 11.3

95%

(n = 410)

Burgalassi et al.

2009

Italy

Caffeine

AN-R, AN-BP

15

26 ± 5

100%

Carlat et al.

1997

USA

Substance abuse

AN

30

At onset:

19.0 \(\pm 5.6\)

At first treatment:

20.3 \(\pm 6.0\)

0%

Casper and Jabine

1996

USA

Alcohol abuse/dependence, drug abuse/dependence, tobacco dependence

AN-R,

AN-P

75

Early Adolescent Onset:

16.2 \(\pm 3.3\)

Late Adolescent Onset:

19.7 \(\pm 3.3\)

Adult Onset:

25.2 \(\pm 3.7\)

100%

Corbridge and Bell

1996

UK

Alcohol and drug misuse

AN

25

Age of onset:

23.2

Total sample:

97%

(n = 125)

Corcos et al.

2001

France, Switzerland, Belgium

Alcohol, drug, and psychotropic consumption

AN-R,

AN-P

AN-R = 111,

AN-P = 55

AN-R = 19.3,

AN-P = 20.6

100%

Deter and Herzog

1994

Germany

Substance abuse

AN-R, AN-P

AN-R = 29, AN-P = 55

Presentation:

20.7 \(\pm 6.0\)

Follow-up:

32.5 \(\pm 6.1\)

100%

Eddy et al.

2002

USA

Drug and alcohol abuse

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 51, AN-BP = 85

AN-R (no B/P history) = 20.8, AN-R (history of B/P) = 23.8, AN-BP = 22.7

100%

Fairburn et al.

1999

UK

Drug and alcohol abuse

AN

67

22.4 \(\pm\) 4.8

100%

Fichter and Quadlieg

1999

Germany

Substance abuse (including alcohol and tranquilizers)

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 30, AN-BP = 73

Upon admission:

24.9 \(\pm 6.7\)

100%

Fichter et al.

2006

Germany

Substance abuse

(including drug dependence)

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 30, AN-BP = 73

Upon admission:

24.9 \(\pm 6.7\)

100%

Fioravanti et al.

2014

Italy

Cocaine and amphetamine abuse

AN-R,

AN-BP

AN-R = 28, AN-BP = 35

AN-R:

25.93 \(\pm 8.94\)

AN-B/P:

25.77 \(\pm 8.80\)

100%

Franko et al.

2005

USA

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 51, AN-BP = 85

Not reported

(Inclusion: > 12 years)

100%

Franko et al.

2008

USA

Drug Use Disorder (DUD)

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 51, AN-BP = 85

Entire sample at entry:

24.68 \(\pm 6.7\)

100%

George and Waller

2005

UK

Smoking/nicotine

AN

25

31.2 ± 2.16

100%

Hall et al.

1984

New Zealand

Alcohol Abuse Disorder

AN

50

Onset:

16.2 \(\pm 2.7\)

Presentation:

20.1 \(\pm 5.6\)

100%

Haug et al.

2001

USA

Tobacco, caffeine, alcohol, marijuana, other drug use (cocaine, opiates, hallucinogens)

AN-R, AN-P

AN-R = 34, AN-P = 31

Total sample: 26.2 ± 11.5

100%

Henzel

1984

USA

Alcoholism

AN

15

24 (median)

80%

(n = 12)

Herzog et al.

1992

USA

SUD

AN,

ANBN

AN = 41,

ANBN = 90

AN = 19.1 ± 6.4, ANBN = 17.5 ± 4.6

100%

Herzog et al.

1999

USA

SUD

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 51, AN-BP = 85

AN-R = 23.9 ± 8.5, AN-BP = 24.5 ± 5.9

100%

Herzog et al.

2006

USA

DUD; narcotics, amphetamines, cocaine, sedatives, marijuana, LSD, solvents, polydrug use

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 51, AN-BP = 85

Not reported

(Inclusion: > 12 years)

100%

Hudson et al.

1983

USA

Alcohol abuse/dependence,

Amphetamine abuse or dependence,

Other substance use

AN

ANBN

AN = 16

ANBN = 25

AN = 25.0 ± 7.0 (15 Females only, one male aged 24)

ANBN = 25.8 ± 7.3 (24 females only, one man aged 28)

95.1% (n = 39)

Iwasaki et al.

2000

Japan

Alcohol abuse,

Sedative abuse,

Inhalant abuse

AN-R

AN-BP

AN-R = 62

AN-BP = 36

AN-R = 21.3 ± 5.5

AN-BP = 24.2 ± 4.7

100%

Jordan et al.

2003

New Zealand

Alcohol abuse/dependence, cannabis abuse/dependence, psychoactive SUD

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 24, AN-BP = 16

23.15 ± 6.69

100%

Jordan et al.

2008

New Zealand

Alcohol abuse/dependence, cannabis abuse/dependence, any psychoactive SUD

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 31, AN-BP = 25

20.5

100%

Kask et al.

2016

Sweden

Alcohol use disorder, other SUD

AN

8069

19.5 ± 6.2

100%

Kask et al

2017

Sweden

Alcohol use disorder, other substance use disorder

AN

609

Mean age of first hospitalization: 18.2 ± 6.9

0%

Kirkpatrick et al.

2019

Canada

Substance Use

AN-R, AN-BP, atypical AN

AN-R = 40, AN-BP = 19,

Atypical AN = 14

SUG (all ED):

16.3 \(\pm 1.0\)

NSUG (all ED):

14.3 \(\pm 2.9\)

SUG (all ED)

97.6%

NSUG (all ED)

81.7%

Krahn et al.

1991

USA

Caffeine consumption

AN,

ANBN

AN = 14, ANBN = 11

Total sample:

24.7

N/A

Krug et al.

2008

Spain,

UK,

Italy,

Austria,

Slovenia

Tobacco, alcohol, and drug use

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 172, AN-BP = 156

All EDs:

27.2 \(\pm\) 8.9

All EDs:

96.6%

(n = 849)

Laessle et al.

1989

Germany

SUD

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 21, AN-BP = 20

AN-R = 20.9 ± 4.1,

AN-BP = 22.1 ± 4.2

100%

Machado et al.

2004

Portugal

Alcohol and drug abuse

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 42, AN-BP = 23

16.8 \(\pm 13.4\)

100%

Mann et al.

2014

USA

Substance use (alcohol, cannabis, tobacco, and any other substance)

AN

118

Total sample: 15.77 ± 1.84

Total sample: 90.7%

Milos et al.

2003

Switzerland

Substance related disorders (use and dependency)

AN

77

24.7 ± 5.6

100%

Nagata et al.

2000

Japan

Alcohol and Illicit drug (heroin, amphetamines, other psychoactive substances) use

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 60, AN-BP = 62

AN-R = 22.3 ± 4.0, AN-BP = 25.0 ± 5.1

100%

Nagata et al.

2002

Japan

DUD

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 62, AN-BP = 48

ED and DUD: 25.1 ± 5.7

ED without DUD: 24.2 ± 5.5

100%

Nagata et al.

2003

Japan

Drugs other than alcohol

AN-BP, AN-R

AN-BP = 8, AN-R = 2

Total ED + DUD group: 24.8 ± 5.4

100%

Nozoe et al.

1995

Japan

Stimulant (alcohol, coffee, cigarettes) abuse

AN

55

Total sample at admission: 20.0

90.9% (n = 50)

Selby et al.

1995

USA

Substance misuse problems

AN

25

Entire ED sample: 30.07 ± 13.78

100%

Strober et al.

1995

USA

Alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, cannabis, polysubstance use/abuse

AN-R, AN-B

AN-R = 77, AN-B = 18

15.1 (SD not reported)

94% (n = 89)

Sullivan et al.

1998

New Zealand

Alcohol, cannabis, other drug, and any drug dependence

AN

70

At admission:

20.9 \(\pm 8.0\)

Interview:

32.4 \(\pm 7.8\)

100%

Tanaka et al.

2001

Japan

Alcohol abuse

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 27, AN-BP = 34

At first referral: 22.7 ± 6.0 years

100%

Toner et al.

1986

Canada

SUD; alcohol, drug, and tobacco abuse

AN-R, AN-B

AN-R = 30,

AN-B = 25

AN-R = 28.0 \(\pm\) 5.3

AN-B = 28.2 \(\pm 4.0\)

100%

Ulfvebrand et al.

2015

Sweden

Alcohol dependence,

Alcohol abuse,

Substance dependence,

Substance abuse,

Substance use disorders

AN-R

AN-BP

AN-R = 926

AN-BP = 466

AN-R (female) = 24

AN-R (male) = 23

AN-BP (female) = 24

AN-BP (male) = 21

(SD not reported)

96.7%

(n = 6921)

Wiederman and Pryor

1996A

USA

Alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, hallucinogens, marijuana, tranquilizers, cocaine, cigarettes

AN

134

Total sample: 24.15 ± 7.69

100%

Wiederman and Pryor

1996B

USA

Alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, hallucinogens, marijuana, tranquilizers, cocaine, cigarettes

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 46, AN-BP = 13

Total sample: 15.44 ± 1.35

100%

Wiseman et al.

1998

USA

Cigarettes (nicotine)

AN-R, AN-BP

AN-R = 56, AN-BP = 12 (included with BN group)

Total ED group: 15.35 ± 1.4

100%

  1. AN-R Anorexia nervosa-restricting type; AN-P anorexia nervosa-purging type; AN-B anorexia nervosa-binging type; ANBN anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa; ED eating disorder; AN-BP anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type; BN bulimia nervosa; MDD major depressive disorder; AUD alcohol use disorder; DUD drug use disorder; SUG substance use group; NSUG no substance use group