Table 3 Cognitive measures in included studies
| Assessment | Type | Brief description |
|---|---|---|
| Set-shifting | ||
| Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test (Brixton; [13]) | Performance | Participant must learn and apply rules to guess where a shape will appear next based on feedback from preceding trials. |
| Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS; [19]) Color-word interference test-4 | Performance | Participants required to name the color ink in which a list of color names is printed (as Stroop task). |
| D-KEFS: TMT-4 | Performance | As Trail Making Test below. |
| D-KEFS: Verbal fluency-3 | Performance | Participant asked to say words from two designated semantic categories as quickly as possible while switching between categories. |
| Detail and Flexibility Questionnaire (DFlex; [68]) | Self-report | 24 items assessing cognitive rigidity and attention to detail in daily life. |
| Intra/Extradimensional Set Shift (IED) subtest of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Battery (CANTAB) [71] | Performance | Participants must learn and apply rules guided by feedback. Intra-dimensional shifts - applying previous rule to a new stimulus set, are followed by extra-dimensional shifts - applying a new rule which was previously irrelevant. Rule changes after six consecutive correct responses. |
| NEPSY-II Attention and EF: Auditory response set, Inhibition shifting [44] | Performance |
Auditory response set: Participants required to switch between matching (select blue circle when “blue” is said) and contrasting (select red when “yellow” said) response to verbal instruction. Inhibition shifting: Participants switch between responding to color or shape of bivalent stimuli. |
| Trail Making Test (TMT-A, TMT-B; [12]) | Performance | TMT part B assesses shifting ability. Participant must draw lines to connect 25 circles containing numbers (1–13) and letters (A-L) in ascending order while alternating between numbers and letters (1-A-2-B) without lifting pencil. Timed. |
| Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST; [32]) | Performance | Participants sort a target card to a stack of cards which match the color, shape or number of the target card guided only by feedback. Category (usually) changes every 10 trials. |
| Central Coherence | ||
| Fragmented pictures task (FPT; [74]) | Performance | Computerized task where a picture forms from fragments, frame by frame until participant correctly identifies the picture. |
| Group embedded figures test (GEFT; [98, 99]) | Performance | Timed task where participants need to find simple shapes embedded in a more complex figure. |
| Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT; [41, 42]) | Performance | Timed task where the participant must select the figure which matches a familiar object from an array of eight very similar figures. |
| Rey Osterreith Complex Figure Task (ROCFT; [61]) | Performance | Participants copy a complex geometric figure. Central coherence index is calculated based on the order (global or local elements) and style of construction (continuous or fragmented). |