Table 3 Cognitive measures in included studies

 Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test (Brixton; [13])

Performance

Participant must learn and apply rules to guess where a shape will appear next based on feedback from preceding trials.

 Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS; [19]) Color-word interference test-4

Performance

Participants required to name the color ink in which a list of color names is printed (as Stroop task).

 D-KEFS: TMT-4

Performance

As Trail Making Test below.

 D-KEFS: Verbal fluency-3

Performance

Participant asked to say words from two designated semantic categories as quickly as possible while switching between categories.

 Detail and Flexibility Questionnaire (DFlex; [68])

Self-report

24 items assessing cognitive rigidity and attention to detail in daily life.

 Intra/Extradimensional Set Shift (IED) subtest of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Battery (CANTAB) [71]

Performance

Participants must learn and apply rules guided by feedback. Intra-dimensional shifts - applying previous rule to a new stimulus set, are followed by extra-dimensional shifts - applying a new rule which was previously irrelevant. Rule changes after six consecutive correct responses.

 NEPSY-II Attention and EF: Auditory response set, Inhibition shifting [44]

Performance

Auditory response set: Participants required to switch between matching (select blue circle when “blue” is said) and contrasting (select red when “yellow” said) response to verbal instruction.

Inhibition shifting: Participants switch between responding to color or shape of bivalent stimuli.

 Trail Making Test (TMT-A, TMT-B; [12])

Performance

TMT part B assesses shifting ability. Participant must draw lines to connect 25 circles containing numbers (1–13) and letters (A-L) in ascending order while alternating between numbers and letters (1-A-2-B) without lifting pencil. Timed.

 Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST; [32])

Performance

Participants sort a target card to a stack of cards which match the color, shape or number of the target card guided only by feedback. Category (usually) changes every 10 trials.

 Fragmented pictures task (FPT; [74])

Performance

Computerized task where a picture forms from fragments, frame by frame until participant correctly identifies the picture.

 Group embedded figures test (GEFT; [98, 99])

Performance

Timed task where participants need to find simple shapes embedded in a more complex figure.

 Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT; [41, 42])

Performance

Timed task where the participant must select the figure which matches a familiar object from an array of eight very similar figures.

 Rey Osterreith Complex Figure Task (ROCFT; [61])

Performance

Participants copy a complex geometric figure. Central coherence index is calculated based on the order (global or local elements) and style of construction (continuous or fragmented).