| Reporting | Power | |||||||
| Aim described? | Main outcomes described? | Participant characteristics described? | Main findings described? | Estimates of random variability? | Probability values reported? | Power calculation? | ||
| Oldershaw et al. [60] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | x | |
| Bentz et al. [9] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | |
| Hamatani et al. [36] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | x | |
| Westwood et al. [94] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | |
| Renwick et al. [67] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | |
| Talbot et al. [79] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | |
| Calderoni et al. [14] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | |
| Harrison et al. [38] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | |
| Spitoni et al. [75] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Herbrich et al. [39] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Van Noort et al. [89] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | |
| Stedal & Dahlgren [76] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | x | |
| McAnarney et al. [54] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | |
| External validity | Internal validity | |||||||
| Invited participants representative of population? | Final participants representative of population? | Staff and facilities representative of population? | “Data dredging” made clear? | Statistical tests appropriate? | Measures valid and reliable? | Adjustment for confounds? | Total | |
| Oldershaw et al. [60] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
| Bentz et al. [9] | ✓ | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
| Hamatani et al. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
| Westwood et al. | ✓ | ? | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 11 |
| Renwick et al. [67] | ✓ | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
| Talbot et al. [79] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | 12 |
| Calderoni et al. | ✓ | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
| Harrison et al. [38] | ✓ | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
| Spitoni et al. [75] | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | 13 |
| Herbrich et al. [39] | ✓ | ? | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 12 |
| Van Noort et al. | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 13 |
| Stedal & Dahlgren [76] | ✓ | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | x | 10 |
| McAnarney et al. | ✓ | ? | ? | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 11 |