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Table 1 Overview of included studies published 2012-2017. Studies are grouped by design and listed in chronological order

From: Feeding and eating disorders in the DSM-5 era: a systematic review of prevalence rates in non-clinical male and female samples

Author (Year)

N

Country

Gender

(N or %)

Age range Mean (SD)

Sample

Assessment

Prevalence type

Prevalence (%) of

ED, AN, BN (95% CI)

Prevalence (%) of

BED, OSFED, UFED (95% CI)

2-STAGE DESIGN

 Mustelin et al. [10]a

2825

Finland

22-27

24.4 (0.9)

FinnTwin16 sample

Screening: Self-report questionnaire developed for the study and three subscales from the EDI-2

Diagnosis: SCID-I/NP

Lifetime

NR

OSFED + UFED: 1.5 (1.1-2.1)

OSFED: 0.6 (0.3-1.0)

UFED: 0.9 (0.6-1-4)

 Mustelin et al. [7]b

2825

Finland

22-27

24.4 (0.9)

FinnTwin16 sample

Screening: Self-report questionnaire developed for the study and three subscales from the EDI-2

Diagnosis: SCID-I/NP

Lifetime

AN: 3.6 (2.7-4.2)

NR

 Solmi et al. [16]c

1698

UK

♀ (66%)

♂ (44%)

16-90

(mean and SD not available)

SELCoH

Screening: SCOFF

Diagnosis: SCID-I-N/P

Point

ED: 7.4 (4.1-)13.0

AN: 0.0 (0)

BN: 0.8 (0.4-1.9)

BED: 3.6 (1.4-9.0)

OSFED: 2.4 (0.9-6.7)

OSFED-PD: 0.6 (0.2-1.5%)

 Smink et al. [15]d

1597

Holland

♀ (53.9%)

♂ (56.1%)

19.1 (0.6)

(age range not available)

Community cohort

Screening: Questionnaire on mental health and social functioning, height/weight and WHO-CIDI

Diagnosis: SCID-I and parts of EDE

Lifetime (L)

Point (P)

ED (L, P): 5.7, 3.7 (4.2-7.5, 2.6-5.2)

AN (L, P): 1.7, 1.2 (1.0-2.9, 0.6-2.1)

BN (L, P): 0.8, 0.6 (0.3-1.7, 0.2-1.3)

ED (L, P): 1.2, 0.5 (0.6-2.3, 0.1-1.4)

AN (L, P): 0.1, 0.1 (0.0-0.8, 0.0-0.8)

BN (L, P): 0.1, 0.1 (0.0-0.8, 0.0-0.8)

BED (L, P): 2.3, 1.6 (1.4-3.6, 0.9-2.7)

OSFED (L, P): 0.6, 0.3 (0.2-1.3, 0.1-1.0)

UFED (L, P): 0.2, 0.0 (0.0-0.8, 0)

BED (L, P): 0.7, 0.3 (0.2-1.6, 0.0-1-0)

OSFED (L, P): 0.3, 0.0 (0.0-1.0, 0)

UFED (L, P): 0.0, 0.0 (0,0)

 Machado et al. [9]

3048

Portugal

12-23

16.2 (1.3)

18-58

21.8 (4.3)

Female high-school and university students

Screening: EDE-Q

Diagnosis: EDE

Point

ED: 3.87 (CI NR)

AN: 0.69 (CI NR)

BN: 0.59 (CI NR)

BED: 0.62 (CI NR)

EDNOS: 1.97 (CI NR)

INTERVIEW

 Mohler-Kuo et al. [4]e

10,038

Switzerland

♀ (56%)

♂ (44%)

15-60

(mean and SD not available)

Household survey

WHO-CIDI

Lifetime (L)

12-month (12-m)

♀AN (L, 12-m): 1.9, 0.07 (1.6-2-3, 0.03-0.2)

AN ♂ (L, 12-m): 0.2, 0.03 (0.1-0.4, 0.004-0.2)

NR

 Hay et al. [11]f

6041

Australia

♀ (−)

♂ (−)

15-96

(mean and SD not available)

Cross sectional population sample.

Items based on diagnostic items from the EDE

Point (3-month)

Total sample (% females):

ED: 16.3 (15.4-17.3)

AN: 0.46 (83%) (0.32-0.67)

BN: 0.66 (69%) (0.49-0.9)

Total sample (% females):

BED: 5.58 (57%) (5.03-6.19)

OSFED-BN: 0.70 (74%) (0.51-0.94)

OSFED-BED: 6.92 (55%) (6.31-7.59)

OSFED-PD: 0.58 (77%) (0.42-0.80)

UFED: 1.41 (73%) (1.14-1.74)

 Munn-Chernoff et al. [26]g

3230

1790MZ

1440DZ

USA

18-29

Median: 22

(mean and SD not available)

Population-based twin study

Adapted version of SSAGA

Lifetime

AN: 1.37 (1.00-1.84)

OSFED-PD: 3.77 (3.14-4.49)

 Fairweather-Smith & Wade [19]h

699

Australia

12.7-19.8 (across 3 waves)

(age range not available)

Adolescent female twin pairs

EDE

Calculated a total prevalence rate based on wave 1-3

ED: 10.4 (8.3-12.9)

AN: 2.0 (CI NR)

BN: 1.0 (CI NR)

BED: 2.4 (CI NR)

OSFED: 5.0 (CI NR)

OSFED-AN:1.9 (CI NR)

OSFED-BN:2.6 (CI NR)

OSFED-PD: 0.6 (CI NR)

 Stice et al. [17]i

496

USA

Baseline:

12-15

Mean = 13

(SD not available)

Community sample

EDDI

Lifetime (L)

AN: 0.8 (± 0.6)

BN: 2.6 (± 1.4)

BED: 3.0 (± 1.3)

OSFED: 11.5 (± 2.8)

OSFED-AN: 2.8 (±1.5)

OSFED-BN: 4.4 (±1.6)

OSFED-BED: 3.6 (± 1.5)

OSFED-PD: 3.4 (± 1.6)

 Hudson et al. [18]j

888

USA

♀ (66.4%)

♂ (33.6%)

18-70

46.7 (17.4)

First-degree relatives of probands with or without BED

SCID

Lifetime (L)

Point (P)

NR

♀ BED (L, P): 3.6, 1,7 (CI NR)

♂ BED (L, P): 2.1, 0.8 (CI NR)

SELF-REPORT

 Cossrow et al. [27]k

22,397

USA

♀ (54.4%)

♂ (45.6%)

≥18

51.1(15.8)

(age range not available)

NHWS sample

Questions assessing BED criteria through a self-administered Internet survey

Lifetime (L)

3-month (3-m)

12-month (12-m)

NR

BED ♀ + ♂ (L, 3-m, 12-m):

2.03, 1.19, 1.64 (1.83-2.26, 1.04-1.37, 1.45-1.85)

BED ♀: (L, 3-m, 12-m):

2,61, 1,60, 2.00 (2.34-2.92, 1.38-1.85, 1.76-2.28)

BED ♂: (L, 3-m, 12-m):

1.41, 0,76, 1,24 (1.13-1.77, 0.56-1.03, 0.97-1.59)

 Hammerle et al. [36]l

1654

Germany

♀ (N = 873)

♂ (N = 781)

13.4 (0.8)

(age range not available)

National school-based cross-sectional survey

SIAB-S (as questionnaire) and EDI-2

Point

Full syndrome (sex ratio female-male)

AN: 0.3 (5:0) (0.1-0.7)

BN: 0.4 (5:1) (0.2-0.8)

BED: 0.5 (5:3) (0.2-0.9)

OSFED-AN: 3.6 (45:13) (2.7-4-5)

OSFED-BN:0.0 (−) (0,-)

OSFED-BED: 0.0 (−) (0,-)

OSFED-PD: 1.9 (22:9) (1.3-2.77)

 Flament et al. [14]m

3043

Canada

♀ (N = 41.2%)

♂ (N = 58.8%)

11-21

14.2 (1.6)

Community sample

EDDS

Point

ED (♀, ♂): 4.46, 2.21 (4.4-4.5, 1.5-3.2)

AN (♀, ♂): 0.06, 0.0 (0.00-0.31, 0)

BN (♀, ♂): 2.01, 1.31 (1.23-3.25, 0.80-2.13)

BED (♀, ♂): 0.68, 0.16 (0.27-1.71, 0.04-0.65)

OSFED-PD (♀, ♂): 1.51, 0.74 (0.89-2.53, 0.38-1.41)

 Flament et al. [13]n

3022

Canada

♀ (N = 1789)

♂ (N = 1233)

11-20

14.2 (1.6)

Community sample

EDDS

Point

ED (♀ + ♂): 3.7 (2.8-4.7)

AN (♀ + ♂): 0.1 (0.0-0.1)

BN (♀ + ♂): 1.6 (1.61.1-2.5)

BED (♀ + ♂): 0.5 (0.2-1.2)

OSFED-PD (♀ + ♂): 1.4 (1.0-1.9)

 de Zwaan et al. [21]o

2460

Germany

♀ (51.1%)

♂ (48.9%)

14-85

48.1 (19.0)

Population sample

NEQ and EDE-Q8

Point

NR

OSFED-NES: 1.1 (CI NR)

 Runfola et al. [22]

1636

USA

♀ (59.5%)

♂ (40.5%)

18-26

20.9 (1.7)

University students

An online survey using the NEQ

Point

NR

OSFED-NES: 4.2 (CI NR)

 Allen et al. [20]p

1383

Australia

♀ (49%)

♂ (51%)

14-20

14-years:

14.0 (0.2)

17-years:

16.9 (0.2)

20-years:

20.0 (0.4)

Prospective, population-based cohort study

Items adapted from the ChEDE and the EDE-Q

Point

ED (♀, ♂)

14-yrs: 8.5, 1.2

17-yrs: 15.2, 2.6

20-yrs: 15.2, 2.9

AN (♀, ♂)

14-yrs: 0.3, 0.0

17-yrs: 1.4, 0.0

20-yrs: 0.6, 0.0

BN (♀, ♂)

14-yrs: 2.7, 0.4

17-yrs: 8.7, 0.7

20-yrs: 7.9, 1.6

BED (♀, ♂)

14-yrs: 1.8, 0.0

17-yrs: 1.4, 1.2

20-yrs: 4.1, 0.7

OSFED (♀, ♂)

14-yrs: 3.6, 0.7

17-yrs: 4.1, 0.9

20-yrs: 2.7, 0.6

OSFED-PD (♀, ♂)

14-yrs: 2.7, 0.4

17-yrs: 2.1, 0.6

20-yrs: 1.6, 0.3

OSFED-AN (♀, ♂)

14-yrs: 0.9, 0.3

17-yrs: 0.0, 0.0

20-yrs: 0.1, 0.3

OTHER

 Trace et al. [6]q

13,295

Sweden

20-47

(mean and SD not available)

Twin registry subsample

An expanded SCID based instrument

Lifetime

BN: 1.6 (CI NR)

BED 0.4 (CI NR)

  1. Note. Prevalence rates are presented exactly as reported in their respective studies. ♀ = Females; ♂ = Males
  2. Abbreviations: 95% CI 95% Confidence Interval, NR Not Reported, ED Eating Disorders, AN Anorexia Nervosa, ARFID Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder, BN Bulimia Nervosa, BED Binge Eating Disorder, OSFED Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders, UFED Unspecified Feeding and Eating Disorders, L Lifetime prevalence, P Point prevalence, 12-m 12-month prevalence, 3-m 3-month prevalence
  3. a = Prevalence rates are based on the same sample as in Mustelin et al. [7]b. Reported prevalence rates are based on observed cases. Finn Twin16 is a nationwide population based cohort. SCID I-N/P = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-Patient Edition [37]; EDI-2 = Eating Disorder Inventory-2 [38]
  4. b = Prevalence rates are based on the same sample as in Mustelin et al. [10]a. AN diagnoses were first assessed using DSM-IV, then retrospectively recoded using DSM-5 criteria
  5. c = SELCoH = South East London Community Health Study. SCOFF = Sick, Control, One stone, Fat, Food Questionnaire [39]
  6. c = SCID-I = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders
  7. d = WHO-CIDI = World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview [40]
  8. e = EDE = the Eating Disorder Examination [41]
  9. g = MZ = Monozygotic twins; DZ = Dizygotic twins; SSAGA = An adaptation of the Semi-Structured Assessment on the Genetics of Alcoholism [42];
  10. h = CI was not reported (NR) for separate ED diagnoses
  11. i = EDDI = The Eating Disorder Diagnostic Interview [43]; The diagnostic category “Feeding or eating disorder not elsewhere classified (FEDNEC)” was renamed by the authors of the current review, to OSFED
  12. j = BED diagnoses were first assessed using DSM-IV, then retrospectively recoded using DSM-5 criteria. CI was not reported (NR) for any ED diagnoses
  13. k = NHWS = the National Health and Wellness Survey
  14. l = SIAB-S = the Structured Interview for Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa Self-report [44]; OSFED-AN = Atypical AN (all criteria is med except significantly low weight), OSFED-BN = Subthreshold BN (of low frequency and/or limited duration), OSFED-BED = Subthreshold BED (of low frequency and/or limited duration), OSFED-PD = Purging Disorder (Recurrent purging in the absence of binge eating)
  15. m = EDDS = the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale [45]. NB: Prevalence rates originate from the Flament et al. [14]m study where overall (♀ + ♂) ED rates are reported
  16. n = Prevalence rates based on the same sample, stratified by gender are presented in Flament et al. [14]n
  17. o = NEQ = Night Eating Questionnaire [23]; EDE-Q8 = The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 8 [24]
  18. p = ChEDE = the Child Eating Disorder Examination [46]. Confidence intervals were reported visually (using error bars) in the study, but were not presented clearly enough to exclude risk of misinterpretation, and were therefore not included in the table
  19. q = Prevalence rates reported represent binge eating frequency per month ≥4 times