Table 1 Common causes of secondary osteoporosis

Premenopausal amenorrhea

Hypercortisolism (i.e. Cushing Syndrome)

Celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, short gut or other malabsorption syndrome

Osteomalacia

Liver or renal disease

Low testosterone

Low body weight or malnutrition

Hyperthyroidism

Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, connective tissue diseases or chronic inflammatory conditions

Medications (i.e. steroids, diuretics, AEDs, depot medroxygprogesterone, SSRIs)

Diabetes mellitus

Vitamin D or calcium deficiency

Current cigarette smoking

Alcohol consumption, tobacco use