Table 1 Summary of interventions: Evidence base, consistency and clinical impact
Intervention | Intervention: Specific | Evidence Base | Consistency | Clinical Impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary | Weight loss outcomes | Satisfactory | Good | Satisfactory |
Increased fruit & vegetables | Satisfactory | N/A | Poor | |
Low energy diets (overall) | Satisfactory | Good | Poor | |
Low calorie | Satisfactory | Poor | Poor | |
High protein/low carbohydrate | Poor | N/A | Poor | |
Portion controlled meals | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | |
Mental health outcomes | Poor | N/A | Satisfactory | |
Eating disorders outcomes | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Exercise & Physical Activity | Weight loss outcomes | Good | Good | Good |
Aerobic + resistance | Satisfactory | Good | Good | |
High intensity interval training | Satisfactory | Poor | Good | |
Pilates | Poor | N/A | Poor | |
Mental health outcomes | Poor | N/A | Satisfactory | |
Eating disorders outcomes | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Behavioural & Psychological | Weight loss outcomes | Good | Good | Satisfactory |
Behavioural weight loss | Satisfactory | Good | Good | |
Cognitive behavioural therapy | Good | Poor | Satisfactory | |
Mindfulness based therapies | Satisfactory | Poor | Poor | |
Acceptance based therapy | Satisfactory | N/A | Satisfactory | |
Motivational interviewing | Satisfactory | Poor | Satisfactory | |
Self-monitoring programmes | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | |
Mental health outcomes | Satisfactory | Poor | Satisfactory | |
Eating disorders outcomes | Satisfactory | Good | Good | |
Lifestyle Interventions | Weight loss outcomes | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | Good |
Diet + Exercise | Satisfactory | Good | Good | |
Diet + Behavioural | Satisfactory | Poor | Poor | |
Behavioural + Exercise | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | Good | |
Behavioural + Exercise + Diet | Satisfactory | Good | Good | |
Mental health outcomes | Satisfactory | Poor | Poor | |
Eating disorders outcomes | Satisfactory | N/A | Satisfactory | |
Pharmacotherapy | Weight loss outcomes | Excellent | Good | Good |
Pharmacotherapy only | Excellent | Good | Good | |
Anorectics | Good | Excellent | Good | |
Antidiabetics | Satisfactory | N/A | Good | |
Antidepressants | Good | Good | Good | |
Anticonvulsants | Satisfactory | N/A | Satisfactory | |
Vitamin D & calcium | Satisfactory | Poor | Poor | |
Sodium alginate | Satisfactory | N/A | Poor | |
Fatty acid supplements | Good | Good | Poor | |
Dietary protein | Satisfactory | N/A | Poor | |
Probiotics | Satisfactory | N/A | Satisfactory | |
Glucomannan supplement | Satisfactory | Good | Poor | |
Chromium supplement | Satisfactory | N/A | Good | |
Yeast hydrolysate | Satisfactory | N/A | Satisfactory | |
Gynostemma pentaphyllum | Satisfactory | N/A | Poor | |
Green tea extract | Good | N/A | Poor | |
Pharmacotherapy + Other | Good | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | |
Pharmacotherapy + Diet | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | |
Pharmacotherapy + Exercise | Satisfactory | N/A | Poor | |
Pharmacotherapy + Behavioural | Good | Good | Good | |
Pharmacotherapy | Pharmacotherapy + Diet + Exercise + Behavioural | Good | Poor | Poor |
Mental health outcomes | ||||
Single interventions | Satisfactory | Poor | Poor | |
Combined interventions | Satisfactory | Poor | Poor | |
Eating disorders outcomes | ||||
Single interventions | Satisfactory | Poor | Poor | |
Combined interventions | Poor | N/A | N/A | |
Bariatric Surgery | Weight loss outcomes | Excellent | Good | Excellent |
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass | Good | Satisfactory | Good | |
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy | Good | Good | Good | |
Laparoscopic gastric banding | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | Good | |
Duodenal switch | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | Good | |
Mental health outcomes | Excellent | Good | Good | |
Eating disorders outcomes | Excellent | Satisfactory | Good | |
Other Interventions | Weight loss outcomes | Satisfactory | Poor | Poor |
Acupressure | Poor | Good | Satisfactory | |
Acupuncture | Satisfactory | N/A | Good | |
Bright light therapy | Satisfactory | N/A | Poor | |
Hot bathing (+ Diet + Exercise) | Satisfactory | Poor | Satisfactory | |
Mental health outcomes | Poor | N/A | Poor | |
Eating disorders outcomes | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Weight loss interventions for adolescents | Weight loss outcomes | Good | Satisfactory | Satisfactory |
Diet | Satisfactory | Good | Satisfactory | |
Exercise (aerobic) | Satisfactory | Poor | Satisfactory | |
Behavioural (cognitive behavioural therapy) | Satisfactory | N/A | Satisfactory | |
Pharmacological (antidiabetics) | Satisfactory | Good | Good | |
Surgical | Good | Satisfactory | Satisfactory | |
Lifestyle | Satisfactory | Good | Satisfactory | |
Lifestyle + Pharmacological | Satisfactory | N/A | Satisfactory | |
Mental health outcomes | Satisfactory | Good | Satisfactory | |
Eating disorders outcomes | Satisfactory | Good | Good | |