From: Disordered eating behavior among group fitness instructors: a health-threatening secret?
Males | Females | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No DE (n = 114) | DE (n = 38) | t | p | ES | No DE (n = 271) | DE (n = 414) | t | p | ES | No ED (n = 654) | ED (n = 27) | t | p | ES | |
Age (years) | 38.6 (10.1) | 35.3 (6.5) | 1.8 | 0.07 | 0.39 | 32.6 (7.6) | 33.0 (8.9) | 0.6 | 0.52 | 0.05 | 33.0 (8.3) | 29.0 (7.7) | 2.4 | 0.02* | 0.50 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 (2.7) | 26.7 (2.4) | 3.0 | 0.003** | 0.63 | 22.1 (1.9) | 22.8 (2.6) | 3.6 | 0.000*** | 0.31 | 22.5 (2.4) | 22.8 (2.6) | 0.7 | 0.46 | 0.12 |
Exercise besides instructing (hours/week) | 6.0 (3.4) | 5.7 (2.8) | 0.4 | 0.67 | 0.10 | 4.3 (2.8) | 4.2 (2.6) | 0.2 | 0.86 | 0.04 | 4.2 (2.7) | 5.0 (3.1) | 1.5 | 0.13 | 0.28 |
Endurance training (hours/week) | 3.7 (3.0) | 3.3 (2.4) | 0.7 | 0.48 | 0.15 | 2.5 (1.9) | 2.6 (1.9) | 0.6 | 0.52 | 0.05 | 2.5 (1.9) | 3.0 (2.2) | 1.2 | 0.21 | 0.24 |
Strength training (hours/week) | 2.3 (1.8) | 2.4 (1.9) | 0.3 | 0.74 | 0.05 | 1.8 (1.5) | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.2 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 2.0 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.4) | 1.2 | 0.23 | 0.30 |
Instruction classes (hours/week) | 1.4 (2.9) | 2.1 (2.8) | 1.4 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 3.3 (2.9) | 3.2 (3.3) | 0.1 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 3.2 (3.0) | 4.7 (5.4) | 2.4 | 0.02* | 0.34 |
Aerobics, dance classes (hours/week) | 0.2 (0.7) | 0.4 (0.9) | 1.4 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.5 (1.0) | 0.6 (1.0) | 1.1 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.5 (1.0) | 0.7 (1.7) | 1.2 | 0.25 | 0.14 |
Indoor cycling (hours/week) | 1.7 (1.3) | 1.4 (1.6) | 1.2 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.2 | 0.83 | 0.09 | 0.9 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.7 | 0.74 | 0 |
Endurance classes (hours/week) | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.7 (1.0) | 1.3 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 1.1 (1.3) | 0.9 (1.1) | 2.2 | 0.01* | 0.17 | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.3) | 0.7 | 0.47 | 0.08 |
Strength classes (hours/week) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.3 | 0.68 | 0 | 0.7 (1.0) | 0.6 (0.8) | 1.7 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.6 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.2 | 0.87 | 0 |
Body/mind classes (hours/week) | 0.02 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.4) | 2.3 | 0.02* | 0.27 | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.4 | 0.72 | 0 | 0.4 (0.9) | 1.0 (2.3) | 3.4 | 0.001** | 0.34 |
Instructor experience (years) | 7.4 (7.1) | 7.7 (4.8) | 0.2 | 0.81 | 0.05 | 8.7 (6.3) | 8.9 (7.0) | 0.3 | 0.75 | 0.03 | 8.9 (6.7) | 6.8 (5.1) | 1.6 | 0.11 | 0.35 |
Weight loss attempts (numbers) | 1.3 (1.4) | 12.4 (9.6) | 12.1 | 0.000*** | 1.62 | 1.7 (1.4) | 8.0 (9.8) | 10.9 | 0.000*** | 0.90 | 4.8 (7.3) | 15.2 (14.9) | 6.6 | 0.000*** | 0.89 |
Weight gain attempts (numbers) | 1.6 (2.1) | 2.1 (5.5) | 0.5 | 0.60 | 0.12 | 0.4 (1.8) | 0.3 (1.5) | 0.4 | 0.69 | 0.06 | 0.3 (1.7) | 0.1 (0.6) | 0.7 | 0.50 | 0.16 |
EDI | |||||||||||||||
EDI total score | 11.1 (9.7) | 16.5 (13.3) | 2.6 | 0.01* | 0.46 | 10.5 (8.7) | 21.0 (19.1) | 9.0 | 0.000*** | 0.71 | 14.9 (14.5) | 47.8 (20.3) | 11.3 | 0.000*** | 1.87 |
Drive for thinness | 1.0 (2.0) | 2.2 (3.5) | 2.6 | 0.01* | 0.42 | 1.5 (2.5) | 4.2 (5.2) | 8.7 | 0.000*** | 0.66 | 2.6 (3.8) | 12.8 (5.1) | 13.3 | 0.000*** | 2.27 |
Body dissatisfaction | 2.2 (2.8) | 5.4 (5.9) | 4.4 | 0.000*** | 0.69 | 2.6 (3.8) | 6.7 (7.0) | 9.5 | 0.000*** | 0.73 | 4.5 (5.7) | 12.7 (8.2) | 7.2 | 0.000*** | 1.16 |
Bulimia | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.5 (1.3) | 1.6 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.8 (2.1) | 6.1 | 0.000*** | 0.46 | 0.3 (1.0) | 5.3 (4.1) | 20.3 | 0.000*** | 1.67 |
Interoceptive awareness | 0.7 (1.8) | 0.6 (1.3) | 0.2 | 0.85 | 0.06 | 0.6 (1.4) | 1.5 (2.6) | 5.2 | 0.000*** | 0.43 | 1.0 (2.0) | 4.3 (3.6) | 8.1 | 0.000*** | 1.13 |
Maturity fears | 2.1 (2.5) | 1.6 (2.3) | 0.9 | 0.36 | 0.21 | 1.7 (2.0) | 2.1 (2.8) | 2.5 | 0.01* | 0.16 | 1.9 (2.8) | 2.9 (3.6) | 2.1 | 0.004* | 0.31 |
Ineffectiveness | 0.5 (1.5) | 0.9 (2.0) | 1.3 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.4 (1.2) | 1.0 (2.4) | 4.0 | 0.000*** | 0.32 | 0.7 (1.9) | 2.4 (2.9) | 4.5 | 0.000*** | 0.69 |
Perfectionism | 3.1 (3.2) | 3.0 (3.0) | 0.2 | 0.87 | .03 | 2.8 (3.0) | 3.4 (3.2) | 2.8 | 0.006** | 0.19 | 3.1 (3.1) | 5.4 (4.1) | 3.9 | 0.000*** | 0.63 |
Interpersonal distrust | 1.3 (1.9) | 2.2 (2.9) | 2.2 | 0.03* | 0.37 | 0.8 (1.6) | 1.1 (2.1) | 2.2 | 0.03* | 0.16 | 0.9 (1.8) | 2.0 (2.4) | 3.0 | 0.003** | 0.52 |
EDS | |||||||||||||||
EDS total score | 56.6 (12.2) | 58.5 (12.6) | 0.8 | 0.41 | 0.15 | 54.9 (11.2) | 57.7 (12.2) | 3.0 | 0.003** | 0.24 | 56.1 (11.6) | 65.0 (13.7) | 3.9 | 0.000*** | 0.70 |
Withdrawal | 7.8 (2.6) | 9.1 (2.4) | 2.2* | 0.03 | 0.52 | 8.2 (2.6) | 8.5 (2.6) | 1.2 | 0.50 | 0.12 | 8.3 (2.6) | 9.7 (2.8) | 2.8 | 0.005** | 0.52 |
Tolerance | 9.8 (2.8) | 9.6 (2.5) | 0.3 | 0.77 | 0.07 | 9.3 (2.8) | 9.5 (2.7) | 0.7 | 0.50 | 0.07 | 9.4 (2.7) | 10.1 (3.4) | 1.4 | 0.18 | 0.23 |
Lack of control | 8.1 (2.8) | 7.6 (3.4) | 0.9 | 0.39 | 0.16 | 7.4 (2.7) | 8.1 (3.0) | 3.2 | 0.001** | 0.25 | 7.7 (2.9) | 9.2 (2.9) | 2.6 | 0.01* | 0.52 |
Continuance | 6.7 (2.8) | 7.4 (2.8) | 1.2 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 6.7 (2.8) | 7.4 (3.3) | 2.9 | 0.003** | 0.23 | 7.0 (3.1) | 8.4 (3.6) | 2.5 | 0.02* | 0.42 |
Intention effect | 7.5 (2.3) | 7.4 (2.1) | 0.1 | 0.90 | 0.05 | 7.0 (2.0) | 7.3 (2.3) | 1.6 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 7.2 (2.2) | 7.9 (1.9) | 1.7 | 0.09 | 0.34 |
Time | 10.0 (3.3) | 10.3 (3.2) | 0.6 | 0.57 | 0.09 | 10.2 (8.9) | 10.3 (3.3) | 0.3 | 0.78 | 0.01 | 10.2 (3.1) | 11.6 (3.7) | 2.4 | 0.02* | 0.41 |
Reduction in other activities | 6.6 (2.1) | 7.1 (2.2) | 1.2 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 6.0 (1.9) | 6.4 (2.1) | 2.8 | 0.005** | 0.2 | 6.1 (2.0) | 8.0 (2.3) | 4.8 | 0.000*** | 0.88 |